Biography of Adolf Loos, Architect and Rebel

Biography of Adolf Loos, Architect and Rebel Adolf Loos (December 10, 1870–August 23, 1933) was a European architect who became more famous for his ideas and writings than for his buildings. He believed that reason should determine the way we build, and he opposed the decorative Art Nouveau movement, or, as it was known in Europe, Jugendstil. His notions about design influenced 20th-century modern architecture and its variations. Fast Facts: Adolf Loos Known For: Architect, critic of Art NouveauBorn: December 10, 1870, Brno, Czech RepublicParents: Adolf and Marie LoosDied: August 23, 1933, Kalksburg, AustriaEducation: Royal and Imperial State Technical College in Rechenberg, Bohemia, College of Technology in Dresden; Academy of Beaux Arts at ViennaFamous Writings: Ornament Crime; ArchitectureFamous Building: Looshaus (1910)  Spouse(s): Claire Beck (m. 1929–1931), Elsie Altmann (1919–1926) Carolina Obertimpfler (m. 1902–1905)Notable Quote: The evolution of culture is synonymous with the removal of ornamentation from objects of everyday use. Early Life Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos was born December 10, 1870 in Brno (then Brà ¼nn), which is the South Moravian Region of what was then part of the Austria-Hungary Empire and is now the Czech Republic. He was one of four children born to Adolf and Marie Loos, but he was nine when his sculptor/stonemason father died. Although Loos refused to continue the family business, much to his mothers sorrow, he remained an admirer of the craftsmans design. He was not a good student, and it is said that by the age of 21 Loos was ravaged by syphilis- his mother disowned him by the time he was 23. Loos began studies at the Royal and Imperial State Technical College in Rechenberg, Bohemia and then spent a year in the military. He attended the College of Technology in Dresden for three years and the Academy of Beaux Arts in Vienna; but was a mediocre student and finished none of his degrees. Instead, he traveled, making his way to the United States, where he worked as a mason, a floor-layer, and a dishwasher. While in the U.S. to experience the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, he became impressed by the efficiency of American architecture, and he came to admire the work of Louis Sullivan. American architect Louis Sullivan is most famous for being part of the Chicago School and for his influential 1896 essay that suggested form follows function.  In 1892, however, Sullivan wrote about the application of ornamentation on the new architecture of the day. I take it as self-evident that a building, quite devoid of ornament, may convey a noble and dignified sentiment by virtue of mass and proportion, Sullivan begins his essay Ornament in Architecture. He then makes the modest proposal to refrain entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years and concentrate acutely upon the production of buildings well formed and comely in the nude. The idea of organic naturalness, with a concentration on architectural mass and volume, influenced not only Sullivans protege, Frank Lloyd Wright, but also the young architect from Vienna, Adolf Loos. Professional Years In 1896, Loos returned to Vienna and worked for the Austrian architect Karl Mayreder. By 1898, Loos had opened his own practice in Vienna and became friends with free-thinkers such as philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, expressionist composer Arnold Schà ¶nberg, and satirist Karl Kraus. The intellectual community of Vienna at the time of the Belle Epoque was made up of many artists, painters and sculptors and architects, as well as political thinkers and psychologists including Sigmund Freud: all were seeking in some way to rewrite the way society and morality functioned. Like many of his colleagues in Vienna, Loos beliefs extended to all areas of life, including architecture. He argued that the buildings we design reflect our morality as a society. The new steel frame techniques of the Chicago School demanded a new aesthetic- were cast iron facades cheap imitations of past architectural ornamentation? Loos believed that what hung on that framework should be as modern as the framework itself. Loos started his own school of architecture. His students included Richard Neutra and R. M. Schindler, both becoming famous after emigrating to the West Coast of the United States. Personal Life While Loos architecture was explicitly clean in line and structure, his personal life was a shambles. In 1902, he married 19-year-old drama student Carolina Catharina Obertimpfler, a drama student. The marriage ended in 1905 in disaster amidst a public scandal: he and Lina were close friends of Theodor Beer, an accused child pornographer and Loos tampered with the evidence, removing pornographic evidence from Beers apartment. In 1919, he married 20-year-old dancer and operetta star Elsie Altmann; they divorced in 1926. In 1928 he faced a pedophilia scandal–he was accused of having his young, poor models (aged 8–10) perform sex acts, and the main evidence against him was a collection of over 2,300 pornographic images of young girls. Elsie believed they were the same images removed from Theodor Beers apartment in 1905. Loos last marriage was at the age of 60 and his wife was 24-year-old Claire Beck, which also ended in divorce two years later. Loos was also quite ill through much of his creative life: he slowly became deaf as a result of the syphilis he contracted in his early twenties, and he was diagnosed with cancer in 1918 and lost his stomach, appendix and part of his intestines. He was exhibiting signs of dementia during his 1928 court case, and he had a stroke a few months before his death.   Architectural Style Loos-designed homes featured straight lines, clear and uncomplicated walls and windows, and clean curves. His architecture became physical manifestations of his theories, especially raumplan (plan of volumes), a system of contiguous, merging spaces. He designed exteriors without ornamentation, but interiors were rich in functionality and volume. Each room might be on a different level, with floors and ceilings set at different heights. Loos architecture was in stark contrast with the architecture of his Austrian contemporary, Otto Wagner. Representative buildings designed by Loos include many houses in Vienna, Austria - notably the Steiner House, (1910),  Haus Strasser (1918),  Horner House (1921),  Rufer House (1922), and the Moller House (1928).  However, Villa  Mà ¼ller (1930) in Prague, Czechoslovakia is one of his most studied designs, for its seemingly simple exterior and complex interior. Other designs outside Vienna include a house in Paris, France for the Dada artist Tristan Tzara (1926) and the  Khuner Villa (1929) in  Kreuzberg, Austria.   Loos was one of the first modern architects to use mirrors to expand interior spaces. The interior entry to the 1910 Goldman Salatsch Building, often called the Looshaus, is made into a surreal, endless foyer with two opposing mirrors. The construction of Looshaus created quite a scandal for pushing Vienna into modernity. Famous Quotes: Ornament and Crime Adolf Loos is best-known for his 1908 essay Ornament and Verbrechen, translated as Ornament Crime. This and other essays by Loos describe the suppression of decoration as necessary for modern culture to exist and evolve beyond past cultures. Ornamentation, even body art like tattoos, is best left for primitive people, like the natives of Papua.  The modern man who tattoos himself is either a criminal or a degenerate, Loos writes. There are prisons in which eighty per cent of the inmates show tattoos. The tattooed who are not in prison are latent criminals or degenerate aristocrats. The urge to ornament ones face and everything within reach is the start of plastic art. Ornament does not heighten my joy in life or the joy in life of any cultivated person. If I want to eat a piece of gingerbread I choose one that is quite smooth and not a piece representing a heart or a baby or a rider, which is covered all over with ornaments. The man of the fifteenth century wont understand me. But all modern people will. Freedom from ornament is a sign of spiritual strength. Death Nearly deaf from syphilis and cancer by age 62, Adolf Loos died in Kalksburg near Vienna, Austria on August 23, 1933. His self-designed gravestone in Central Cemetery (Zentralfriedhof) in Vienna is a simple block of stone with only his name engraved- no ornamentation. Legacy Adolf Loos extended his architectural theories in his 1910 essay Architektur, translated as Architecture. Decrying that architecture had become a graphic art, Loos argues that a well-made building cannot be honestly represented on paper, that plans do not appreciate the beauty of bare stone, and that only the architecture of monuments should be classified as art- other architecture, everything that serves some practical purpose, should be ejected from the realm of art. Loos wrote that modern dress is that which draws least attention to itself, which is Loos legacy to modernism. This idea that anything beyond the functional should be omitted was a modern idea worldwide. The same year Loos first published his essay on ornamentation, the French artist Henri Matisse (1869–1954) issued a similar proclamation about the composition of a painting. In the 1908 statement Notes of a Painter, Matisse wrote that everything not useful in a painting is harmful. Although Loos has been dead for decades, his theories about architectural complexity are often studied today, especially to begin a discussion about ornamentation. In a high-tech, computerized world where anything is possible, the modern student of architecture must be reminded that just because you are able do something, should you? Sources Andrews, Brian. Ornament and Materiality in the Work of Adolf Loos. Material Making: The Process of Precedent, 2010. Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, p. 438Colomina, Beatriz. Sex, Lies and Decoration: Adolf Loos and Gustav Klimt. Thresholds.37 (2010): 70–81. PrintLoos, Adolf. Architecture. 1910. Loos, Adolf. Ornament and Crime. 1908. Rukschcio, Burkhardt, Schachel, Roland L. (Roland Leopold), 1939- and Graphische Sammlung Albertina Adolf Loos, Leben und Werk. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1982.Schwartz, Frederic J. Architecture and Crime: Adolf Loos and the Culture of the Case. The Art Bulletin 94.3 (2012): 437-57. Print.Sullivan, Louis. Ornament in Architecture. The Engineering Magazine, 1892, Svendsen, Christina. Hiding in Plain Sight: Problems of Modernist Self-Representation in the Encounter between Adolf Loos and Josephine Baker. Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 46.2 (2013): 19–37. Print.Tournikiotis,  Panayotis. Adolf Loos. Princeton Architectural Press, 2002

Jeremiah Johnson essays

Jeremiah Johnson essays Without a doubt the greatest western/pioneer movie ever created is Jeremiah Johnson. This movie shows hardships that American frontiersmen encountered as they traveled west into new land. Jeremiah Johnson, portrayed by Robert Redford, is a man that has been soured by society and civilization and decides to make his life as a mountain man. He sets off into the mountains with only a rifle, horse and mule, and the clothes on his back in an attempt to survive the harsh wilderness that very few live in. Jeremiah Johnson gets back to nature in a way no film has ever before or done since. The movie begins in the mid 1800s with a clean-cut, young soldier, Jeremiah Johnson, leaving military service after the Mexican American War. As he sets out into the Rocky Mountains he encounters struggles that would kill most men. His attempts to feed himself by hunting and trapping fail him and he nearly starves to death. When he tries to catch fish he falls into the river in the middle of winter and gets completely soaking wet. While he is trying to light a fire to keep himself warm and dry off his clothes a huge snowstorm suddenly appears and dumps snow all over his fire. Luckily he comes upon an old trapper named Bear Claw (Will Greer) that takes him to his cabin and gives him food and shelter. Bear Claw takes Jeremiah Johnson out in the wilderness with him over the next couple weeks and teaches him the basics on how to survive in the unforgiving mountains. He shows him how to trap and clean animals hides, salt meat, and build make-shift shelters. One of the strong points on this movie is its realness. The characters talk, act, and present themselves just as someone would at around the mid-1800s. There dialect and sayings make it very believable. For example at the beginning Jeremiah says just where is it, I could find bear, beaver, and other critters worth cash money when skinned. Eve ...

IBM Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IBM Corporation - Essay Example Strengths of IBM Corporation include knowledge, relationships, selling and history. The challenges of the company are based on high quality of products and services. Direct sales force maintains a relationship. Among the weaknesses are high competition and rapidly changing technology market (IBM boosts sales productivity, n.d.). The innovative PC technology is not cheap and that is why not all the potential customers can afford it today. IMB, in contrast to Dell Corporation, tries to maintain high standards of service proposing and selling (the most important) to its customers high quality products. In this case IMB takes into account both internal and external stakeholders (Crawford, Benedetto, 2003). Opportunities of IBM Corporation are local area networks, the Internet and training of the staff. The increasing opportunities of the Internet offer another area of strength in comparison to the box-on-the-shelf major chain stores (McDonald, Christopher, 2003). Customers want more help with the Internet, and IBM Corporation is in a better position to give it to. IBM will strengthen its long-standing commitment to 64-bit computing. For more than three decades, the power of microprocessors has doubled every 18 to 24 months, and most observers expect that to continue for another 10 years. The same progress is being made in other functions in silicon, such as graphics processing. Some portables will have the full power of desktop machines (Clarke, 2001). The challenges of the company are to follow the technological trends of computer industry and develop new products for professional users. For instance, notebook processors will double in power every two years, "to 12 GHz in five years, predict industry observers. Disks will shrink and may be replaced by solid-state memory. Displays will grow clearer, brighter and more energy-efficient and may even unfold to desktop size. The efficiency of batteries will improve, but perhaps not enough to keep up with power-hungry applications such as multimedia and wireless communications" (Anthes, Brewin, 2002). For this reasons, IBM strategies should integrate technology refresh provisions early in the design process of major systems and components to allow upgrades during development, production and system operation. Cost leadership (Porter, 1985), however, is a sustainable source of competitive advantage only if barriers exist that prevent competitors from achieving the same low costs. In an era of increasing technological improvements in manufacturing, manufacturers constantly leapfrog over one another in pursuit of lower costs. At one time, for example, IBM enjoyed the low-cost advantage in the production (Winograd, 1997). Then the Japanese took the same technology and, after reducing production costs and improving product reliability, gained the low-cost advantage. IBM fought back with a highly automated printer plant in North Carolina, where the number of component parts was slashed by more than 50 percent and robots were used to snap many components into place. Despite these changes, IBM ultimately chose to exit the business; the plant was sold (Prahalad, Hamel, 1994). Competitive advantage (Porter, 1985) of IBM Corporation is driven more by sales and performance management than by manufacturing and product innovations. The direct sales model (or other near-direct models) has been successful in the U.S., and the industry is moving more in that

Compare the function of IGOS and INGOS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Compare the function of IGOS and INGOS - Essay Example However, in the modern culture, these organizations are playing an important role in the world politics by influencing the global security and peace through their global collaborative function and working for the social and economical development of the member states. These organizations perform their functions according to the rules and regulations of intergovernmentalism, which means that a complete harmony is required. Whereas, Non-Government Organizations (NGO) are developed by some private personnel for the welfare of the society, which can also be international in their scope. These organizations do not posses any sort of government accreditation and established merely on the basis of mutual agreements among different personnel to raise funds through donations and grants from different philanthropists and international humanitarian organizations. However, they are recognized by the UN and many other international organizations as important political and welfare institutions. Th ese organizations are termed as international organizations due to the scope of their functionality, whereas in the real sense these organizations are not purely international organizations because they are not developed to coordinate the functions and efforts of the members for their mutual gains. The following table shows a compression between the objectives and functions of these two organizations. We will also evaluate that which organization better serves the humanity and promote the human rights in the world.

Security Certificates in Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security Certificates in Law - Research Paper Example Deportation of suspected individuals protects the public from harm that would come through allowing suspected individuals to continue functioning freely. Very few people have ever been subjected to a certificate hearing implying that critical evidence is used to subject an individual to these hearings. In certain instances, the person subjected to certificate hearing has an opportunity to involve witnesses to petition their release. This is also a benefit. Due to the nature of the security certificates, it is hard to imagine that they would operate without violating some crucial laws. Specifically, it violates some sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. These sections include denial of a fair trial, which is a major human right, civil rights with respect to international politics, and the inability to guarantee safe deportation. These are important laws that need to be observed. The Canadian Supreme Court allowed some Charter rights to be limited in the case of exceptional circumstances. These circumstances were not defined, and secrecy surrounds the cases that have been taken to certificate hearings. In addition, the Supreme Court had found that a framework of protecting classified information with immigration proceedings as consistent with the country’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court allowed the limitation with the argument that terrorism ought to be dealt with in any way possible. Therefore, the safety of the Canadian citizens was the main concern that led to limiting some Charter rights.

Genetic and Environmental Factors for Criminality

Genetic and Environmental Factors for Criminality Is a crime committed because the criminal is a rational being, able to make the decision to offend as an act of free will? Does the crime occur because environmental influences – parents, peer group, culture and so on – determined the act would invariably happen? Or is the real clue to be found in the genes: are criminals born not made?† (Hollin, 1989, p.3-4) Discuss each of these perspectives and consider which theory (or combination of theories) is the most plausible and why? Introduction: What motivates individuals to commit crimes, particularly violent crimes against other individuals has been the subject of research in criminology for over two hundred years. Globally the search for the causes of crime continues to form the bedrock of most criminological studies (McLaughlin et al., 2003, p.73).The nature versus nurture debate in respect of criminology has been central to the research, having been especially intense, and often emotional in explaining criminal behaviour (Sarbin and Miller, 1970). The debate regarding the relative impact of genetics and environmental influences continues to inform a considerable body of research. In respect of commission of crime two distinct schools of thought have dominated the debate. Classical criminologists approach the question from the standpoint of individuals having, and employing, a free will. They take no account of the circumstances or environment in which an individual has been formed, taking the view that a criminal commits a crime because he wants to, the deed depending only on the voluntary determination of the individual (McLoughlin et al., 2003, p.53). On the other hand are those who believe that an individual acts in a certain way as a result of the circumstances in which he finds himself. It is only when the circumstances conspire against an individual that he will commit a certain criminal act, but this will not happen simply as a consequence of his wanting to (McLoughlin et al., 2003, p.53). Those approaching the problem from this point of view believe that intervention programmes and improvements in circumstances could reduce levels of violent crime in society. The aim of this paper is to investigate these theories and the evidence in support of each of them. I will conclude with a consideration of which is the most plausible theory, or combination of theories, following on from the arguments given. The Concept of Crime and Criminology: Criminal acts may, in their simplest form be thought of as acts which are prohibited by the law and they can be specific to a particular culture, what is acceptable in one, being unacceptable and unlawful in another. There have been wide ranging definitions of what constitutes crime, but this has been problematic as there is no general agreement on what crime is (Jones, 2006).The fact that crimes do not constitute natural or homogenous behavioural categories poses particular difficulties in identifying the subject matter of criminology and for constructing theories of â€Å"crime† and â€Å"criminal behaviour† (Blackburn, 2000, p.16). Because of the difficulties faced in defining the patterns of behaviour associated with criminality, there is an associated difficulty in isolating the causal effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors and the extent to which these exert an influence on an individual’s behaviour. More and more evidence is suggesting that the crimina l justice system is home to individuals with psychological problems. The fact that many of these problems have been shown to have a genetic component suggests that individuals could find themselves engaging in criminal activity (Jones, 2005). In order to address this problem and effectively treat the individuals involved, it is necessary to attempt to establish the causes of these psychological problems. Criminal Behaviour: Criminal behaviour is defined in the context of the legal structure adopted by a society. It is a widely held view that criminal behaviour falls within the realms of anti social behaviour. The influence of genetic components on anti social behaviour has been investigated by Morley and Hall. They suggest three different ways to define anti-social behaviour as follows: Anti-social behaviour can be equated with criminality and delinquency, with individuals involved being liable to arrest and involvement in the criminal justice system which may include prison; Anti-social behaviour can be defined as a result of personality disorders, particularly anti social behaviour problems which lead to an increased risk of involvement in criminal behaviour; Anti-social behaviour can be defined as a measure of personality traits, which can lead to an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour. These include aggression and impulsiveness, both of which have been associated with increasing levels of criminal behaviour. (Morley and Hall, 2003, cited in Jones, 2005). Genetic Factors: Family studies have been the focus of research for quite some time. While the early studies in this area suggested that there was an inherited basis for a predisposition towards criminal activity, it was shown that environmental influences could modify an individuals characteristics and personality (Joseph, 2001). Research like that carried out by Joseph was questioned largely in methodological terms, but nonetheless raised important questions which became the focus of a great deal of further research (Jones, 2005). In recent years the study of genetics, largely as a result of more sophisticated techniques, has become one of the fastest moving and most significant areas of modern science (Williams, 2004, p.131), giving an enormous insight into the make up and working of the human body, including the mind. Human behaviour patterns are generally accepted to be an interaction of life experiences and genetic predispositions (Mednick et al., 2003, p.77), with an acceptance of biological e xplanations only suggesting that criminals are inherently defective (Blackburn, 2000, p.136). The idea that genetics are a factor in criminal behaviour has existed for a very long time, one of the earliest studies in this area being carried out in 1877 by Richard Dugdale. His work investigated the criminal behaviour of a notorious American family called the â€Å"Jukes†, six of whom Dugdale had encountered in prison. When tracing their family tree over a period of two thousand yeas, Dugdale found a history of poverty, prostitution, and crime. With no scientific basis for his supposition, he attributed this to the â€Å"degenerate nature of the family, and despite the lack of scientific support, the work was very influential at the time. He did not consider the fact that the family members were being impacted upon by the same or very similar environmental factors which could have impacted substantially on their behaviour. By the end of the nineteenth century, scientific theories in respect of heredity had taken on increasing importance and were being supported by empirical evidence, albeit doubtful in validity. Another early writer, Goring, suggested in 1913 that criminal tendencies were basically inherited. He studies convicts from the same families and found that the correlation for criminal behaviour was very similar to that for some physical characteristics such as eye colour, and stature, suggesting that the genetic material passed on by parents was vital in shaping the way their children would turn out. Parents who were criminals would pass this trait on to their children in the same way in which they might pass on any other characteristic (Goring 1913, cited in Williams, p.132). Twin Studies: Twin studies have been important in trying to establish links between genetics and subsequent behaviour. There are two types of twins: Monozygotic twins come from the same egg. They are commonly known as identical twins, although this is, in fact, incorrect. They have the same genetic structure, are the same sex and have a very similar physical appearance. Dizygotic twins occur when two eggs are fertilised simultaneously and are no more genetically similar that any two siblings. It could therefore reasonably be said that if monozygotic twins were to behave in the same way, for example in criminal behaviour, this could be attributed to some sort of genetic influence. If crime is related largely to environmental influences, then it would be safe to assume that all twins would have the same chances of future criminal behaviour. Studies involving twins have been notoriously difficult because of the very similar environment in which they grow up, making it difficult to isolate genetic from environmental influences. The chances of monozygotic twins who are separated would be the ideal for the purposes of research but, due to the fact that twins are not often separated, the sample on which research can be based has traditionally been small. Such studies have nonetheless been carried out, one of the earliest of which was undertaken by the German physiologist Johannes Lang. he studied pairs of criminal twins and found that in 77% of cases concerning monozygotic twins, where one twin had a criminal record, not only did the other twin also have a record, but the patterns of the offences were similar in nature. In a group of dyzygotic twins, the correlation dropped to 12%, falling to only 8% when pairs of brothers were compared. The studies were subject to methodological flaws in so far as the identification process was based on observation only, and many of the twins came from psychiatric clinics which may mean that the chances of criminal behaviour were increased from the outset (Jones, 2006). Christiansen attempted to overcome some of the methodological problems of earlier work when he studied the entire database of twins in Denmark. For both male and female twins he found that the rates of offending were more highly correlated for monozygotic than for dizygotic twins. He also found that the more serious the offence, the stronger was the potential genetic component. He was nonetheless aware of the difficulty in separating genetic and environmental factors which he acknowledged in his work. Adoption Studies: Adoption studies have been central to research which has attempted to establish the relative roles of genetics and the environment in determining an individual’s behaviour. The rationale behind these studies is that if children adopted soon after birth resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive ones, the evidence points towards genetic rather than environmental explanations. One of the earlier studies in this field was carried out by Hutchings and Mednick in 1975. They compared adopted children whose fathers had criminal records with adopted children whose father did not. They reported a higher incidence of criminal behaviour in those children whose fathers had criminal records than in those whose fathers did not (cited in Towl and Crighton, 1996, p.15). These findings have been refuted by a number of subsequent studies which have suggested that these findings are unreliable, as only a very small number of adopted children engage in criminal behaviour in adulth ood. Stott has suggested that it is more likely that the predictor of this criminal behaviour is the result of problems encountered by mothers during pregnancy. Many of these problems are most prevalent in low socio economic groups which is typically the tier to which mothers who have their babies adopted tend to belong. He argues that it this rather than the operation of any genetic factors which accounts for the relationship between criminality in adopted children and their biological parents (Stott, 1982). Family Studies: Studies in this area which have attempted to ascertain the relative influences of genetics and the environment, have been largely unaccepted in academic circles. The most salient problem inherent in research of this nature is the notoriously difficult task of separating the nature from the nurture effects and therefore establishing causal links. While this is a problem that is also inherent in the twin studies, it is more apparent in family studies when the genetic similarity between siblings is less. Mednick and his colleagues tried to address this methodological issue when they investigated rates of criminal behaviour in children of criminal parents who had been adopted and were not therefore exposed to their parents. They found that the children of such parents were indeed more likely than the population in general to engage in offending behaviours, but that the genetic explanation did not account for the types of criminal behaviours these would be. They concluded that there was at least some genetic component in the commission of criminal behaviours (Mednick et al., 2003, p.89-90). Biological Factors: Recent research has suggested that characteristics observable at birth will develop in the context of the circumstances in which an individual finds himself. Manicus asserts that it is brain activity that provides the causal mechanism for behaviour thereby making biological processes as real a cause of crime as social processes (Manicus, 1987). Many studies have suggested that crime does, in fact, run in families. Research conducted by Blair and colleagues has pointed to a genetic component in the development of psychopathic tendencies. They suggest that as well as this genetic component, complications during the birth of some babies are a strong risk factor for later violent and anti social behaviour, but recognise that intervention and helping parents could be an important component of ensuring that such behaviour does not subsequently manifest itself (Blair et al., 2006). Problems encountered by mothers during pregnancy has been attributed to subsequent criminal behaviour. Chromosomes: Recent advances in the field of genetics have led criminologists to look at the role of chromosomes in the criminal behaviour. In particular scientists have investigated the sex chromosomes and their possible role in crime causation. This research began in 1965 when a British researcher, Patricia Hayes, examined chromosomal abnormalities in a group of Scottish prisoners. The blood test employed, a technique called karyotyping, revealed that twelve out of the 197 examined showed abnormalities in their chromosomes while seven were found to have an XYY chromosome. Normal males possess an XY chromosome, and while there are several different permutations of the chromosome, the XYY male was identified as potentially very dangerous and termed a â€Å"supermale.† A number of criminals have subsequently tried to offer this a defence saying that this biological trait was what spurred them on to criminal activity. This defence was successfully used in 1969 in Australia by one Lawrence E. Hannell, judged a â€Å"supermale† and subsequently released on the grounds of insanity. Other attempts have not been so successful. When such an attempt was made in the case of Richard Speck, accused of killing a number of his classmates in the United States, he was not acquitted and it was later revealed that he did not, in fact, have an additional Y chromosome. While a number of studies have subsequently been carried out in this area the majority or the research has suggested that this is a theory with little or no substance. In their study Sarbin and Miller concluded that â€Å"studies done this far are largely in agreement and demonstrate rather conclusively that males of the XYY type are not particularly aggressive† (Miller and Sarbin, 1970, p.199). Genetic Causes: Family studies have been the focus of criticism but research carried out by Brunner and colleagues has made a considerable contribution to the research in this area. Despite the relatively unsuccessful investigation into the role of chromosomes as a possible cause of criminal behaviour, in the 1990s Brunner and his colleagues claimed that they had uncovered a specific gene which was linked to criminal behaviour. They engaged in an extensive study of what was termed â€Å"the Netherland’s most dysfunctional family†. The male members of the family in question seemed to be unable to control their violent tendencies and were frequently arrested. Tracing the family back for five generations, Brunner et al. found fourteen men whom he said were predisposed to criminality, including violence towards members of their own family who were female. Brunner and his colleagues suggested that because men have only one X chromosome they are especially vulnerable to any defective gene. After a decade of intensive research the scientists claimed that they had isolated this defective gene. The gene, they said is the one which is responsible for production of the enzyme â€Å"monoamine oxidase A†, which is involved in the process by which signals are transmitted in the brain. Specifically it breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline which, when found in excess, have been linked to aggressive behaviour in humans. Since men with the mutated gene identified by Brunner and his colleagues do not produce the enzyme necessary to break down chemical transmitters, researchers suggested that they were overwhelmed by stimuli in the brain, a situation that causes uncontrollable urges and leads them into criminal behaviour (Schmalleger, 1996, p.182). While the authors accepted the fact that their research had not been replicated in any other s tudies, they did suggest that this was an area for future research, suggesting as it did, that genetics play an important role in criminal behaviour (Brunnet et al., 1993). Monoamine oxidase has been linked with other neurochemicals which may be linked to criminal and antisocial behaviour (Jones 2005). Eysenck’s personality theory has been used to measure possible factors of personality which may be influential in the commission of crime. Suggesting that within the criminal fraternity different types of crimes are related to different personality patterns (Eysenck, 2003, p.93) Eysenck has pointed out that it is connected to norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine, all of which have been linked with personality traits important in psychosis Eysenck, 1996). Biochemical Factors: An increasing awareness of the physiology of the human brain, coupled with more sophisticated techniques, is leading modern criminologists to investigate the effects that certain biochemicals have on behaviour. If it were to be established that certain chemical imbalances were responsible for certain types of criminal behaviour, then this would lend weight to the theory that certain behaviours are indeed not within the control of an individual. The Effect of Serotonin: Current research centres on the role of neurotransmitters, chemicals in the brain which are fundamentally important to all human behaviour. There has been considerable research in respect of serotonin levels and the role this plays in criminal behaviour, where it has been identified as an important element. Serotonin has been shown, in both animal and human studies, to be an inhibitor of aggression, so low levels of serotonin have been linked to violence and suicide in humans (Williams, 2004, p.152). Raine found that individuals who were prone to anti social behaviour had lower than normal levels of serotonin in their brains (Raine, 1993), a relationship also found in research carried out by Virkkunen and Linnoila (1993). This would appear to confirm the findings of the Dutch study described above. Serotonin has been linked to brain development and it has been suggested that a disorder in this development system could lead to an increase in levels of aggressiveness and impulsivity, s uggesting that the individual in this case would not have full control over his actions. While scientists have been able to link a number of neurotransmitters, with various sorts of anti social behaviour, the nature of the relationship is not completely understood. It is unclear whether these neurotransmitters are linked to all aggression or are linked to specific types of aggression and may lead to the commission of certain specific acts and crimes. Williams points out that the role of neurotransmitters is a classic chicken and egg situation. It is not known whether the mood produces the neurotransmitters or whether the neurotransmitters lead to changes in an individual’s mood (Williams, 2004, p.153). Criticisms of the Biological Approaches: Attempts to explain criminal behaviour in the context of biology and genetics have been criticised, often on the basis of methodology. Walters and White have criticised many of the studies carried out on the basis that they have been badly designed, and largely inadequate in addressing the relevant issues. In particular they highlight the following shortcomings: Few biological studies have adequately explained the concept of criminology, often relying on a single arrest as an indicator of criminal tendencies; Twin studies, in particular, have often been inaccurate in identification of monozygotic and dizygotic twins; Biological data has often been based on interviews with individuals which is subjective in its nature and therefore open to a range of interpretations; Methodological problems are common including small sample sizes, lack of control groups and the use of inappropriate data analysis techniques; Results have not shown consistency from country to country. (Walters and White, 1989). Personality Disorders: The term â€Å"personality† is used to describe an individual’s temperamental and emotional attributes that are relatively consistent and will influence behaviour (Jones, 2006, p.398). In recent years there has been an increasing focus on individual personality traits, persistent or stable personality characteristics, and disorders and this focus has been seen as extremely useful in predicting future criminal behaviour. Theories talk about a criminal personality in which it is assumed that individuals possess definable and dominant sets of rules which determine how they will behave in virtually any situation (Williams, 2004, p.178). Many tests of personality have been developed by psychologists over the years in order to test the theory that those who have criminal tendencies have personalities which are different from those of the normal population. Many of the personality disorders which manifest themselves are initially evidenced in childhood. If it were indeed to be the case that these are predictive of later criminal behaviour, intervention with children displaying personality disorders may be a useful preventative measure. Holmes and colleagues have identified three personality disorders which can be diagnosed in childhood and have been shown to be predictive of later behaviour: Oppositional Defiance Disorder – characterised by argumentativeness and non-compliance. As these children become older their behaviour often changes for the worse, with them often starting to engage in petty crime and displaying aggression to their peers and others; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – children with this disorder are unable to stay focused on any one task for anything but a short period of time. These children are unable to analyse the consequences of their behaviour, cannot easily see things from another’s point of view and are generally unable to learn from their previous behaviour; Conduct Disorder – children diagnosed with this disorder are already at the stage where they have begun to break society’s rules. This is the most severe of the three personality disorders as diagnosed in childhood and is often predictive of the development of Anti Social Personality Disorder, a disorder which can only be diagnosed when an individual is aged eighteen, and at which point they have travelled quite far down the road of anti social behaviour and not conforming with the norms in society. (Holmes et al., 2001). With a clear link established between these early childhood disorders and future criminal behaviours, early diagnosis and effective interventions are vital in this area. Tests for determining an individual’s personality and the likelihood for future criminal behaviour have come under considerable scrutiny. The tests themselves have developed considerably in their complexity and the sophistication of their methodology but a study by Arbuthnot and colleagues stated that the doubtful validity of much of the research that had gone on in this area prevented their coming to the conclusion that there was a link between personality and criminal behaviour (Arbuthnot et al., 1987). Problems in respect of personality theories have mainly concerned the way in which personality has been measured, usually on some numerical scale. Personality tests are also problematic in that they require objective attitudes in respect of what constitutes normal. Inherent in the use of personality tests is that those who commit crimes and go against the norm must have something different from that which is viewed as normal. The personality theories that have found the most application in the context of criminality are psychoanalytic explanations and the learning theories. There is some evidence that personality difficulties displayed in childhood are highly predictive of later criminal behaviour and can be inherited. Personality theories have not really seen much application in the predictive context, having been used mainly in respect of treatment after an offence has been committed. The rationale behind using personality tests is that behaviour can be changed by behaviour modification techniques. Criticisms of Personality Theories: Personality theories generally assume that all individuals have a core personality which explain how they will react to a wide variety of stimuli and whether they are likely to become criminal. They take little account of the fact that these could be changed through interventionist or environmental factors. Environmental Influences: Criticisms have been levelled at the approach which considers genetics as being the dominant factor in criminal behaviour, often because the methodology of the research conducted has been questioned. One such study was that carried out in Denmark in 1977 by Christainsen who reported that identical twins inherited some common characteristics that increased the likelihood of their becoming involved in criminal behaviour (Crristiansen, 1977). The criticisms levelled at this and other similar research is the fact that twins may share higher than average levels of shared experiences, thereby making it difficult to isolate the genetic component as a causal factor in such studies. The first real attempts to consider crime in the context of where criminal lived, and their associated environment, took place in the 1820s in France and Belgium. These studies were pioneered by Adolphe Quetlet and Andre-Michel Guerry who collected data about the areas in which criminals lived, and in so doing began a field of research that would continue throughout Europe for a long time to come, eventually being adopted by American and global researchers also. Modern Environmental Criminology: It has been suggested that the impact of the environment on behaviour reduces with age. While adults are able to exercise some choice as to their environment, children have no such choice, so the impact of the environment in more profound (Jones, 2005). Reluctance to consider genetic factors as instrumental in criminal conduct has had political overtones (Haller, 1968), as it suggests a somewhat depressing prognosis for individuals born with the genetic predisposition to become criminals. The idea that there as an inextricable link between crime and the environment has been considered as an alternative and really came to the fore in the UK in the 1970s, with crime figures beginning to rise sharply, and crime being increasingly attributed to young, disaffected males living in areas of social deprivation (Jones, 2006, p.134). Situational Crime Theory: The ideas surrounding environmental criminology have had a considerable impact on public policy in the UK. The Home Office Research Unit was set up in the 1950s and began to work on what it called situational crime prevention, an attempt to reduce the opportunities to commit crime. This approach does not see crime as the result of any physiological or biological impulses but sees it as more opportunity driven which causes individuals to make choices in the context of these situational factors (Jones, 2006, p.138). Situational crime theory does not focus on career criminals who will find their own opportunities to commit crime, but seeks to address the problem of those who may not have been involved in the criminal justice system before. In the context of this theory the key factor is opportunity and the exercise of free will, and proponents of this approach argue that a reduction in opportunities will, in turn, lead to a reduction in the commission of crime. Situational crime theory has its critics who suggest that the theory focuses too greatly on the crime at the expense of focusing on the type of persons involved in the commission of crimes. Tonry has argued that it is likely to increases the fear of crime among the general public (Tonry, 2004). Despite criticisms, recent research carried out in London has added weight to the idea that there may indeed be a causal link between deprivation, crime and a particular area, when a study by Dorling and colleagues in 2001 suggested that patterns of social deprivation in London have changed very little since the turn of the nineteenth century (Dorling et al., 2001). Crime and Poverty: Because large numbers of crimes are committed by people who have very little money, there has long been a school of thought that there is a causal link between crime and poverty. This is a view which has been held for many years and was first investigated in France by Guerry who found that in the more affluent areas there were higher rates of crime against property while in the poorer areas there were higher incidences of violent crime. There were poor people living in the more affluent areas and Guerry concluded that it was not poverty per se that caused higher rates of crime but the fact that there was more opportunity in the wealthier areas for crime against property. Recent research as been inconclusive regarding the role played in criminal activity by poverty. What does appear to be clear is that there is no direct link between crime and poverty as an isolated factor as there are, for example, many tribes who are materially very poor but did not engage in high levels of criminal activity (Williams, 2004, p.286). Research has suggested that poverty only becomes a factor in criminal activity when there is a large degree of social inequality, a large gap between the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have-nots†. This leads to the suggestion that if, in the population as a whole, there was a degree of poverty, this would not lead to higher rates of crime. This has been coupled with the suggestion that it is not even the inequality which is the causal factor but the perception that this is unfair which leads to higher levels of criminal activity (Stack, 1984). Recent theories have investigated the link between crime and inequality and it has been suggested by Vold and his colleagues, who refer to a number of studies, that there is a link between inequality and violent crime including homicide (Vold et al., 2002). Family: In terms of environmental factors, none is more important or exerts such an influence in shaping an individual as the family in which he grows up. Famil

Italy and Analysis Essay -- Essays Papers

Italy and Analysis COUNTRY ANALYSIS GENERAL Italy covers a land area of 301,230 sq km (116,306 sq mi). Comparatively, the area occupied by Italy is slightly larger than the state of Arizona. Italy has high unemployment and a relatively complicated and young market oriented government. To get an idea of how Italy’s culture compares to that of the Unites States, we ran a Hofstede. United States Italy Individualism 94 78 Power Distance 41 48 Uncertainty Avoidance 45 74 Masculinity 62 68 Individualism versus collectivism focuses on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows. In individualistic societies, the ties between individuals were loose and individual achievement and freedom were highly valued. Power distance focuses on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. Low power distance cultures were found in societies that tried to play down such inequalities as much as possible. Uncertainty avoidance measures the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty. Members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures placed a premium on job security, career patterns, retirement benefits, and so on. Lower uncertainty avoidance cultures were characterized by a greater readiness to take risks and less emotional resistance to change. Masculinity versus femininity looks at the relationship between family and work roles. In masculine cultures, the job is as important or more important than the family. After comparing Italy with the United States the only possible problem or threat in relation to cultures that Philips should note is uncertainty avoidance. This means that Italy is not quick to adopt new ideas. If Web TV is introduced into Italy, it will take more time for it to become accepted than it did in the United States. SOCIOCULTURAL PENETRATION The Internet has just started to make an impact in Italy. A recent study by Eurisko (a very reliable research company) indicates that 1.8 million people say they use the Internet. They also found that 1.1% of Italian families (216,000) have an Internet connection at home as compared to 16.7% (40 million) in the USA. The population of Italy is around 57.3 milli... ...Italy. Therefore, out of these main competitors, Toshiba is the main threat but you can never tell what will happen with future generations of a product. The interesting thing about these competitors is that they are all licensees of WEB TV. They are also scrambling to find that ultimate next generation item that duplicates WEB TV and more. These companies are trying to gain market share in the alternate and substitute products. For instance Philips is a leading manufacturer of digital TV and if they could align with a cable company around an ISP then they will compete against their own WEB TV. Philips can compete in Italy. The question is can they do it with Web TV. The answer is no. WEB TV can not operate in conjunction with the specs of European TV. Therefore, they will need to change the WEB TV and make it work or form a partnership with a new product. This market moves fast and each of these competitors could end up on top, and win the Italian market. They need the working combinations of a product that serves the Italian community and serves the new European union. Considering all the available information we give Philips a rating of 7.375 for competitiveness.

Chi Mei Opto Electronics

Brief Introduction Chi-Mei Optoelectronics (CMO) is a world-leading manufacturer of TFT-LCD display panels for use in applications such as desktop monitors, notebook PCs, and LCD TVs. The company was founded on August 6, 1998 and was listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (stock symbol 3009) in August 2002. As of early 2006, CMO had over 15,000 employees worldwide. CMO has long cultivated its base at the Tainan Science-Based Industrial Park, where it currently operates four production facilities including one 3. 5-generation fab, one fourth-generation fab, one fifth-generation fab and one 5. -generation fab. To maintain a high level of competitiveness and flexibility, CMO is relentless in its investment activities and has aggressive plans for the deployment of its next-generation plants. In addition to capacity expansion plans for its current facilities, CMO is in the process of building its second fifth-generation fab, and a new 7. 5generation fab. With its commitment and heavy R&D foc us on the highest quality of in-house self-developed technologies, CMO is able to attract the most brilliant TFT-LCD R&D talent in the industry.In addition to ongoing innovation in production process technologies, CMO strives to satisfy consumer demands and expectations for high quality LCD panels by continually making technology breakthroughs and refinements. CMO is also dedicated to facilitating the clustering of the Optoelectronics Industry, and has put tremendous effort towards vertical integration with its suppliers. CMO has brought together leading upstream suppliers, including producers of glass substrates, backlight units, polarizing films, cold cathode fluorescent lamps and driver integrated circuits.CMO also initiated the Optoelectronics manufacturing cluster in Tree Valley (previously known as the LCDTV & Industrial Support Park), and has been ahead of the curve in localizing the procurement of key components and equipment to enhance supply chain efficiency. This in turn has significantly stimulated the upgrade and development of Taiwan’s innovative Optoelectronics Industry. The world is currently entering a new golden era of high definition digital TV and multimedia.As one of the leading manufacturers in the global LCD-TV panel industry, CMO continues to focus on the development of advanced technology and innovative products, and shares in the responsibilities of promoting the knowledge-based concept of the â€Å"digital home†. Last year, CMO organized the â€Å"2005 Digital TV Technology Forum† in which government representatives and experts from around the world were invited to share their experiences and visions on the future of the digital home.We at CMO believe it is our duty and obligation to satisfy our customers’ needs and expectations with high quality displays, and to enhance Taiwan’s presence in the world’s TFT LCD display industry. Corporate Structure Business Performance 2005 Operation Results In 2005, CMO’s panel production set another historical record. Annual panel shipment increased by 90% to 23,685 thousand units, while annual revenue increased by 49% to NT$152, 844 million. Net profit amounted to NT$ 8,047 million. Revenue from LCD-TV panels contributed over 40% of annual sales, with an annual shipment of more than 5. million units. Our annual capital expenditure was NT$ 62,018 million. Operation Strategies We expect that the China market will play a very important role in our global operation strategies. Therefore, we established Ningbo Chi Mei Optoelectronics in the second half of 2005, which was a very important first step to implement CMO’s global operation and cost reduction strategies. More importantly, Ningbo Chi Me Optoelectronics, as our first investment in China, also builds a stronger base for the long-term development of CMO in this competitive TFT-LCD industry.Also, to provide high quality customer service and maintain close customer relat ionships, CMO established two new subsidiaries, one each in Europe and Singapore. Additionally, CMO will invest more aggressively in the technologies of various key input components to protect our company from potential industry-wide shortages. 2006 Operational Goals Buoyed by the expected strong replacement demand and imminent emergence of digital life, the worldwide TFT-LCD market is forecasted to experience strong growth and profits in 2006.To strengthen our position as a leading manufacturer of LCD-TV panels, we will keep expanding our production capacity through the mass production and ramp up of our second 5G Fab and Ningbo Chi Mei module assembly plant, as well as achieving higher yields at the 5. 5G Fab and the equipment move-in of the 7. 5G Fab. Meanwhile,CMO will aggressively invest in the market of key input components to achieve cost reductions in an efficient manner. For 2006, with all our empolyees’ efforts and innovations, we have confidence in keeping our posi tion as a leading manufacturer of LCD-TV panels.In addition, we will continue to strive for higher market share in the notebook computers and desktop monitors markets. Operational Highlights Business Activities CMO’s scope of business includes the research, development, production and sale of TFT-LCD display panels and color filters. 2005 Sales Chart: Industry overview Due to the dominating technology, diversified applications and cost effectiveness, TFT-LCD monitors has become the mainstream product in the flat panel display industry in recent years.In 2005, the suppliers of the key components such as backlights, color filters, driver ICs, and polarizers benefited greatly from the strong demand generated by the mass production of next-generation TFT-LCD fabs. According to DisplaySearch, Taiwan’s share of worldwide LCD TV panel revenues grew dramatically from 27. 4% in 2004 to 38. 7% in 2005. TFT-LCD is a capital-intensive and technology-intensive industry. The main co untries include Taiwan, Korea and Japan. In 2005, LCD TV panels bloomed due to the smooth mass production and ramp up of worldwide ifth generation and above fabs. According to DisplaySearch, the production of LCD TV panels increased to 28 million units in 2005 from 8 million units in 2004. In the past, the main manufacturers focused on competing for higher production capacity. Now, in order to gain better positioning in the future LCD TV market, the key players are paying more attention to accurate demand predictions, flexible production, and new advanced technologies. Also, the price fluctuations of LCD TV panels have smoothed out compared to before 2005.The following chart is an overview of the TFT-LCD industry: R & D Expenditures Short and Long Term Operating Development Plan In 2006, CMO will continuously strive to capture a higher market share in the TFT LCD market and provide more diversified products A. LCD-TV Product CMO will continuously improve our market shares and revenu es in this market. Due to the strong demand for LCD TVs, we will offer an extensive product line of full HD panels above 40† to fulfill the demands of our clients.Based on our solid worldwide customer base, CMO will continue to improve the operation performance in each area. Also, CMO will more aggressively explore new business opportunities in developing countries. B. OA Product In 2006, CMO expects to capture 1 to 2% more market share than last year in the desktop monitor and notebook applications. We will offer more competitive wide-format products, and develop 22†, 24† and 30† panels for the monitor segment. Also, we will produce notebook panels in our fifth generation fab, which will improve our competitive advantage as well.In 2006, CMO will not only offer more diversified products, but also continuously provide our customers with better service and cooperation in order to achieve higher a market share in the TFT-LCD industry. Industry growth forecast D isplaySearch has forecasted the large-sized TFT LCD panel demand in 2006 to consist of 7. 86 million units for notebook computers and 135 million units desktop computer monitors (11. 6 million units for other applications), with respective annual growth rates expected to be 24% and 14%. We produce notebook panels in our 3. , fourth and fifth generation fabs, which can economically cut sizes such as 12. 1†, 13. 3†wide, 14. 1† and 14. 1†wide, 15†and 15. 4†wide, and 17†wide. Monitor panels are produced in our fourth, fifth, and 5. 5 generation fabs, which have economic cutting sizes for 17†, 19†, 20. 1†, 19† wide, 22†wide and 24† wide format. CMO’s marketing division expects the LCD TV panel market will reach approximately 43 million units with an annual growth rate of 54% in 2006. More importantly, 32† and above panels will account for more than 40% of the total market.We have strengthened our p osition in the 20† and above LCD TV market in the past 3 years. Our annual LCD TV panel shipment is more than 5. 5 million units in 2005. CMO’s market share in LCD TVs is on par with the two Korean manufacturers. Our innovative technologies and products have enabled CMO to make significant advances. Manufacturing Process Sales and Production over the last 2 years Domestic and Export Sales over the last 2 years Financial Analysis of the Last Five Years Unconsolidated Sales Breakdown by Application Sales Breakdown by Application Unconsolidated Sales Breakdown by Panel Size Sales Breakdown by Panel Size

Injury In World War I Example

Injury In World War I Example Injury In World War I – Coursework Example Disability in World War I due: Introduction The results of the First World War broughtthe world new technology where new weapons were used such as machine guns, and there was an improvement in the technology used in medical practices. It was the first kind of war that was ever experienced in Europe. By 1918, about 400,000 war veterans’ soldiers were reported to have been injured during the war. Soldiers with disabilities were given heroic state support with a push for fatherhood and also marriage. By offering veterans jobs, it would give them independence and allow them to earn a living. The endeavor of Briton veterans to regain self-worth, physical abilities, and masculinity was becoming a problem. Some of them had disgusting physical appearances, and others had disfigured faces for the society to accept them fully. About 60,500 soldiers had eye and head injuries, and 41,000 soldiers had amputated limbs (Gerke, 2014).In this presentation, I learned that the new technology and improved medical know-how enabled many veterans to regain self-worth, and physical appearance become well. Those who lost jaws, noses and eyes were replaced with other and looked as better like the original self. The use of prosthetic limbs was used to hide the injuries and disabilities of soldiers injured in the war helped them regain physical abilities to work again. Even though the soldiers had life-like masks of facial disfigurement, it was a reminder to the society the consequences of the World War I. Such work of improved medical technology was displayed in the Ladd’s portrait in Paris of the benefactor patients. Patriotism was displayed by the Britons using the disability of a veteran soldier and refused to use disability when it reminded them of the consequences of that war (Gerke, 2014).ReferenceGerke, B. (2014). Injury in World War I. Retrieved February 21, 2015, fromhttps://prezi.com/esfejbcmxe/injury-in-world-war-i/

Importance Of Equality And Diversity Social Work Essay Essays

Importance Of Equality And Diversity Social Work Essay Essays Importance Of Equality And Diversity Social Work Essay Essay Importance Of Equality And Diversity Social Work Essay Essay During this essay I will be exemplifying Equality and diverseness being a of import dimension of modern society in relation to race and ethnicity, I will be utilizing countries of societal policy to exemplify my treatment. The essay will cover the undermentioned facets in treatment: treatment on equality and diverseness, race equality, equality in instruction, poorness due to equality and besides equality at the work topographic point. Equality and Diversity is a term used in the United Kingdom to specify equality, diverseness and human rights as specifying values of society. It promotes equal chance for all, with this statement in gesture it allows every person to accomplish their accomplishments to the best of there possible, with out the strain of bias or favoritism, or at least in theory. The Race Regulations incorporate the EU Race Directive into UK jurisprudence. The Race Directive focuses on equality between people, irrespective of their race or ethnicity, and sets criterions for protection of all EU member provinces. The Regulations introduced a new definition of indirect favoritism on evidences of race or cultural beginning or national beginning. There is besides a new definition of torment with respects to race, ethnicity or national beginning ( Race Regulations Act, 1976 ) . United land statute law requires that public governments promote and pattern equality in everything that they do, besides statute l aw doing certain that other administrations are run intoing their legal responsibilities to advance equality while at the same clip accomplishing this justified degree of equality themselves. In the United Kingdom there are legal demands which are supported by bing statute law to exercising and promote equality in the countries of disablement, gender and besides race..As the independent advocator and back up the ethical motives of equality and human rights in the United Kingdom, a Commission of Equality and Human Rights besides exists with the purposes to cut down inequality, and at the point of equality non being present work towards extinguishing favoritism, beef up good dealingss between people and advancing and protecting human rights, on the whole committee has a responsibility to dispute the bias and the disadvantage in society and to advance the importance of human rightsThe rights that everybody has as a human have broad spread effects, set uping the rights you have in your mundane life: what you can state and make, your beliefs, your right to a just test and other similar entitlements ( CEHR,2009 ) . Policy and statute law is ordained to do certain every person whatever their racial or cultural beginning, is able to carry through their possible through equal chances. There are certain authorities schemes that strengthen equality for race in the communities such as Improving Opportunity for the whole of Britain and helps guarantee that a individuals ethnicity will non be a barrier disputing at that place chance. The Equality and Human Rights Commission which is in topographic point work s to guarantee that everyone has the chance to accomplish their possible and take part in society by battling favoritism, protecting human rights and advancing good dealingss between different groups ( CEHR, October 2007 ) . The authorities published its response to the independent REACH panel s study on bettering the aspirations and accomplishment for immature black wo rk forces. REACH is a function patterning strategy which looks at the fact that a high per centum of black males turn up with out a male parent being present ( REACH, 2010 ) . The scheme hopes to bridge the spread and give the young person a positive figure in compensation for no male parent, the scheme work with Departments for Schools and Families to beef up links between schools and the parents of black male childs, and work to beef up the black and minority cultural voluntary sector ( In ( December 2007 ) . Schools were criticized on their committedness to race equality in the authorities s course of study reappraisal on diverseness and citizenship in early 2007.The model for equality policies for school s should run into both its general and specific responsibilities. Ideally it should summaries the school s overall attack to racial equality and how this links to its corporate purposes and aims. In order for kids in school to larn about the slave trade, from 2008, kids aged 11-14 will larn about Britain s function in the slave trade, it will go compulsory that Key Stage 3 pupils study the topic along with the Holocaust and the two universe wars. This is a sensitive topic and great safeguard will be taken to guarantee it is delivered right ( US, 2007 ) . The Understanding Slavery Initiative, a joint venture by the National Maritime Museum, National Museums Liverpool and museums in Bristol and Hull, have developed stuff which will assist the pupils with the acquisition procedure. Poverty is a facet which causes bondage and forced labour. One in five people in our universe today as we know it, are populating in poorness. Since 1997 the UK has doubled its assistance budget, while in 2005 there was a trade in topographic point to call off amp ; lb ; 50 billion debts owed by the hapless states. The American authorities presidential term of the G8 and European Union in 2005 to force for renewed planetary committedness to the United Nations eight Millennium Development Goals . The UK has a committedness to increasing the American development budget to 0.7 per cent of gross national income by 2013, this budget will travel towards the poorest states and travel Forth to back up more in states with weak or failing authoritiess. The authorities provided over As ; lb ; 1 billion to back up poorness decrease in Africa last yea. In order for people to get away poorness and development, Education is the key and cardinal measure to empowerment. The UK has committed them selves to pass a budget of A ; lb ; 8.5 billion to assistance in the support of Education for following 10 old ages ( ATST,1807-2007 ) The societal environment is the civilization in which a person was educated besides it involves the establishments and people the single interacts with. Relative poorness is the angle and position of poorness which is socially defined and is wholly dependent on what societal environment, societal functions and societal places that consequence the societal group, with regard it is a step of income equality measuring of holding less income or even fewer resources as others within a society. 65 % of Bangladeshis, 55 % Pakistanis, 45 % black Africans and 30 % of Indians and black Caribbean in modern society are populating in poorness ( JFR,2007 ) . The socio construction between parent and kid could besides be a facet which is affected due to parents ownership of educational making, employment and poorness ( Pitts and Hope, 1997 ) . The political clime, influenced by the economical down bend has lead to black workers kicking on the evidences of strong-arming at the workplace, the intimidation has been on the evidences of race, faith and belief. Although there has been strong-arming in the work topographic point at that place has besides been reps offering support to the victims of this bias, nevertheless these affairs non being addressed right is go forthing alot of victims in fright of exploitation. In state of affairss where intimidation is present and the rendition of current policies is non working, the trade brotherhood should react politically, run and affect corporate bargaining on behalf of the victim ( tuc ) Conference acknowledges that unemployment rates for colored cultural groups are by and large higher than those from white cultural groups. As people struggle during this economic down bend, many immature people particularly from the black and cultural minorities, will go forth instruction and happe n it highly hard to happen employment without the coveted work experience behind them. Conference hence calls on the General Council to take a wide-ranging run to advance educating immature workers and promote them into industries such as the railroad and to run for apprenticeship enlargement to concentrate on increasing black workers entry into workplace apprenticeships. There are a figure of favoritism Torahs that makes it illegal to handle person otherwise at work on the footing of their race. The huge bulk of employers have an equal chances policy that workers have to subscribe before they start work. The Race Relations Act 1976 makes it improper for there to be discrimination present against anyone on evidences of there race, coloring material, nationality, or cultural or national beginning. This act applies to occupations, preparation, lodging, instruction and the proviso of goods, installations and services ( Race Relations Act 1976 and Race Relations ( Amendment ) Act 2000 ) Equality in respects to race and ethnicity in modern society is elusive but still present today as it was in the yearss of bondage, the policies and models that are in topographic point today for race and cultural equality are the line of life for cultural communities and there development, the aspirations of cultural groups rely peremptorily on them working right. The effects of inequality on cultural groups has already had significant harm, and will necessitate the assistance of specified strategies such as REACH in order to rectify them separately along side overall equality models. .

Internationalisation, Trade and Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internationalisation, Trade and Markets - Essay Example aracterized as rather disappointing if taking into consideration the development of the country’s industries but also the availability of resources for supporting further industrial growth. Since December of 2014 a radical decrease of FDI in India has been reported; in February of 2014 the country’s FDI reached negative levels (Trading Economics 2014), a fact that should lead to severe concerns the India government. However, according to the graph in March and April of 2014 India managed to attract quite high amounts of FDI so that severe threats against the national economy are eliminated. In India, FDI has highly contributed in the country’s growth. More specifically FDI in India has been used for developing critical projects in regard to the country’s infrastructure, especially electricity and transportation (Economy Watch 2010). The Indian government has supported the extensive use of FDI in infrastructure-related projects: for example, the government accepted ‘the 100% funding by FDI of construction projects referring to bridges and tunnels’ (Economy Watch 2010, para.6); a ‘limit of $352,5million’ (Economy Watch 2010, para.6) for protecting the involvement of the country in excessive loans. Within 2013 a reform of India’s regulations in regard to FDI was initiated by the Indian government; flexible terms were introduced in regard to FDI on projects related to various industries, such as ‘telecommunications, defense, oil and power exchanges’ (India Brand Equity Foundation 2014) In any case, anytime that an FDI project is to be promoted in India it is necessary for the relevant authorities to check the process, as of its alignment with existing laws, especially the Companies Act of 1956 and the SEBI (Security and Exchange Board) regulations (Reserve Bank of India 2014). The infrastructure of India needs further improvement. Many areas of the country suffer from lack of appropriate infrastructure, a fact that prevents foreign investors

News assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

News - Assignment Example According to the news article, there was also police militarization when managing the protests in Ferguson. The turmoil continued on November 24th, 2014, after the law enforcement officer who shot Michael Brown was indicted by a grand jury. According to the Sneed (1), the writer who came up with the article, these problems are not Ferguson’s alone, but they represent an entire problem being faced by the entire United States. He argues that the problems might even be more dramatic in other regions of the Unites States, but they are not being reported. The law enforcement is faced with demands for increased protection and service in ghetto neighborhoods. However, the hostile patrol practices thought essential to meet these demands themselves lead to tension and hostility. The article identified factors such as lack of employment, education, housing and discriminatory traits towards a biased justice system and an improper government program, which led to the mass protests in Miss ouri (Sneed 1). Chapter 5 and 6 of Criminal Justice in America discusses the use of excessive force by police officers as well as the conclusions made concerning police officials (Cole, Smith and DeJong 107). There were detailed applications of forces by police officers against citizens, which violate either constitutional rights, as well as other departmental policies, through exceeding the degree of force permissible and significant in a given scenario. Some of the conclusions made about are that they use force infrequently, but they occur in the lower end of the force spectrum, which mainly involves pushing, grabbing or shoving (Cole et al. 109). Also, use of force normally takes place when police officers are attempting to make an arrest, but the suspects is opposing. From the Michael Brown shooting, we could see that the police definitely used excessive force to calm the situation, which eventually led to