Discuss Both the Negative and Positive

Slavery ended in 1838. One of the biggest negatives of such a system was racism which was found in every Caribbean society. British officials believed that people of Africans descent were inferior and what was worse perhaps these racist attitudes were after internalized by Black and Brown people that is some Africans themselves became convinced that they were inferior to Europeans. With Emancipation in 1838 slaves became free to choose the nature of their future existence. A fundamental development during the post- emancipation period was the exodus of ex slaves from the estates mostly to set themselves up as peasant proprietors.The movement created a labor shortage which threatened the imminent collapse of the sugar industry. To avoid ruin, planters sought to introduce immigrant labour from Europe. , Africa and Asian and to effect certain technical improvements to reduce the cost of production. There were two groups that came to the Caribbean from the 1930’s onwards who did n ot have much difficulty into the existing society . They were the free African immigrants and Portuguese from Madeira. By far the largest group of new arrivals , however were the Indians.Like the Portuguese they came as indentured workers to work in the sugar plantations. They soon became part of the populations of Trinidad, Guyana, Jamaica, Grenada and St. Vincent. Because of their large numbers, bringing with them religions, languages and cultural practices quite different from any found in the Caribbean , they enriched but greatly complicated the society. They were neither black or white , they were not Christians and they had their own ancient culture Two other much smaller groups of immigrants were the Chinese and the Syrian/ Lebanese. Like the Indians they brought their own language and culture.The first group of Indian immigrants arrived in Guyana in May 1838 on board the ships Whitby and Hesperus. They were distributed among six(6) sugar estates to labour under contract for five (5) years and though their treatment were satisfactory on three (3) of the estates on the others there was ill treatment , sickness and morality. The suspicions of the anti – slavery society were immediately aroused and it secured appointment of a local Commission to investigate immigrant conditions. The enquiry led to the suspension of immigration from India for an indefinite period.Regular Indian immigration was reopened in 1844 and in the following year two (2) shiploads reached Guyana , one shipload each went to Trinidad and Jamaica. The performance of these labourers exceeded expectations and in 1846 Jamaica requested an additional five thousand ( 5000), Trinidad four hundred (400) and Guyana ten thousand ( 10000). Indian immigration to the West Indies ceased in 1917 and until that time a total of 429,623 immigrant had entered . Many of the Indians who remained in the West Indies continued to reside on and to work for the estates.A much smaller number worked as peas ant proprietors , some cultivated their lands in sugar cane, rice, ground provisions and fruits. These Indians were able to achieve a greater economic standing and social mobility then those who remained in the estates. By definition immigrant labor was not slavery because it was entered into voluntarily. The contract gave rights to the immigrant who was paid for his labour . There was a fixed limit to the period of indentured and when it was over the immigrant was free. However, in practice immigrant labor schemes were slavery under a different name.Although the emmigrants from India entered into the contract voluntarily, they were often deceived about the conditions they were agreeing to. In the West Indian colonies , conditions similar to those in the days of slavery still existed . They were confined to their estates. Free Indians found it advisable to carry ‘ certificates of exemption from labor’ which allowed them free movement. Indentured laborers could be fired if found off their estates. Immigrant laborers were deprived of women. The root of the problem lay in India, where women were not emancipated because of the religious and social systems.The proportion of Indian women imported was only 3 per 100 men before the mid 1840’s 32 per 100 by 1870 and a legal minimum of 40 per 100 thereafter. Up to 1870 immigrants had to had been denied the chance to lead normal family lives. In cases where Indian immigrants were married their wives were sometimes taken away to be the mistress of the plantation owners as in the days of slavery. Immigrants were also subject to arbitrary treatment by their employers . This sometimes involved flogging and imprisonment and the immigrant dared not complain.From 1906 to 1907 nearly 40 % of the immigrant laborers in Guyana received summons for breach of the labor laws. Between 1838 and the 1930’s wealth was mainly in the hands of very small groups in society . Nearly all of it belonged to the white up per class though by the 1930’s a significant number of colored or black or Indian businessmen and farmers had acquired money and property. As planters and businessmen whites continued to be the major group of employers in the Caribbean. The worst white employers treated their workers with contempt but the better ones showed concern for their laborers’ welfare.For ordinary people life was always a hard struggle. Between 1838 till 1920’s the majority of the people worked for the plantations. Either as full time workers or as casual , irregular laborers during the harvest time and other busy periods. Wages for plantation workers were very low . Things had not changed much till the 1920’s. To escape low wages and seasonal employment on the estates as well as poverty on small peasant plots, thousands of West Indians left the countryside and drifted into the towns . Another way of escaping poverty and unemployment was to emigrate.Between 1839-1921 and even late r thousands of West Indians left their colony , perhaps to leave the Caribbean altogether in order to find work. This was because emigration was the only alternative to get away from poverty and not because they wanted to leave their home. In Trinidad the Indian sugar workers who lived mostly in the central and south parts of the island were in an especially desperate condition by the 1838 till the 1930’s. Most of the West Indians lacked an adequate diet. Although actual starvation was rare the diet was unbalanced.Malnutrition affected babies and children especially . Working mothers had little chance to breast feed after the first few weeks. In turn this caused a very high rate of infant and child death. Around 1889 nearly one half of all babies in Grenada died before their first birthday . Epidemics swept the region from time to time. Thousands died of cholera between 1850-1854. To make matter worse medical care was not available to most ordinary people in this period. In G uyana out of 7324 deaths in 1871, 3378 took place without the dying person getting any medical care at all.In Jamaica by 1898 there was only one doctor from every 19,400 Jamaicans. The woman of the peasant and laboring classes was a sturdy independent person. She worked long hours in the fields. The women both black and Indian , who worked on the estates earned their own wages and could support themselves and their children if necessary. Despite poverty and the struggle to survive and bringing up children the strength and self reliance of the women were important aspects of family and social life. Going to school was part of normal life for most children from 1838.But a very large number did not go to school at all. In Guyana and Trinidad Indian children presented special problems . Far fewer of them attended school compared with Black children. Since Indians formed the main part of the sugar industry’s labour force in these colonies both planters and colonial governments wer e reluctant to spend money on educating their children. Even when in Trinidad after 1851 government ran school with no church control or influence were set up Indian parents were still afraid that their children would be badly treated .There were also problems of language and cultural differences. As late as 1911, 97% of the Indian born children were illiterate. The Immigration of Portuguese, Chinese and East Indians to the West Indies introduced new elements of race and class into a society traditionally composed of people of European and African origin dependent for their social position on a combination of colour, wealth and education . The new immigrant groups were neither white nor black except possibly for the Portuguese and they held a balance between the two.One of the most important legacies of slavery was a three tier social structure. Society in 1839 was divided into three major classes . These were in descending order of power and status , the white – the upper cl ass, the colored black – middle class and the black masses – the former slaves. One of the most important variations in social structure in some colonies was the addition of a fourth group. In Trinidad and Guyana so many Indians settled that they came to form a large section of the population separated from the other three groups by culture , religion , race and legal restrictions.After 1838 there was a gradual increase in the size of the middle group as people from the Creole masses moved into it. This process is known as social mobility. There were two main ways in which Blacks at the bottom of the society could move up . The first , through economic success either as an independent farmer or by practicing a skill eg. Carpantry, masonry or tailoring. The second , through education. The Overall Impact of Emancipation -Immigration undoubtedly helped to perpetuate the efficient use of labor.Nevertheless in the first two or three decades immigration halted the economic d ecline of the colonies and brought them substantial prosperity. -The importation of immigrants stimulated the expansion of social services , especially medical facilities which were applied first to the immigrants and then extended to the population at large. -The increase in population led to the development of a larger and more efficient police force. -Immigration swelled the ranks of shopkeepers and hucksters while many more engaged in peasant farming on land acquired by grant or purchase.In order to avoid repatriation and immigration expenses , planters and laborers made grants of land to the Indians in commutation of return passages. Indians in Guyana received free land grants of 32000 acres (1891-1912 ) ,Trinidad received 23,000 acres(1885-1895) and 31,766 acres (1902-1912) -The employment of immigrants in manual field labor opened up in a wider range of employment for resident Blacks as artisans , factory workers and policemen. -The growth of the rice industry in Guyana and T rinidad were due to the Indians. To the Indians can also be attributed the introduction of age old traditional Indian skill in irrigation into the West Indies, both in rice production and sugar industries. – The vast majority of East Indian immigrants were tied to plantation agriculture and continued to experience the low standard of living and destitution common to the West Indian working class generally. Nevertheless through industry and thrift some were able to acquire wealth which was used to educate their children in the professions of medicine, law, teaching and to become community leaders. The entry of the various immigrant groups into the West Indies led to the emergence of a plural society where the races mixed but did not combine. Friction , both latent and ,manifest existed among the different occupation groups. Example in February 1856, the notorious ‘ Angel Gabriel’ riots formed by the apocalyptic negro preacher James Orr, resulted in the widespread destruction of Portuguese shops in Guyana by negroes suffering from a sense of oppression and competition from the Portuguese businessmen.Among the field worker also some hostility did develop since immigration had a tendency to lower wages. By and large, the governing class failed to develop measures to effect a harmonius integration of the races. Like the Negro – creole population , the immigrants who remained in the West Indies after their indentureship , realized the value of wealth and education to give them a higher status and they sought to achieve these attributes whenever possible . In terms of wealth, the Portuguese and the Chinese were more successful they set themselves up as etty shopkeepers as soon as their indenture ended . Whenever their means allowed, the Chinese , Portuguese and East Indians secured higher education for their children. The negro population sought employment mainly in teaching and in the public service. By moving to the Caribbean , Indians on average increased their living standards considerably. Indian women living overseas did have fewer children than in India, but the death rate in the Caribbean except during the early years of immigration was also considerably low , resulting in a demographic growth rate higher than in India itself.Suicide , martial violence and return migration decreased overtime , while Indian ownership of land , savings and even physical stature increased . In reality the attraction of the earning potential of the Caribbean can be deduced from the massive influx of Asian migrants . They could have opted to go to other destinations. The Indian immigrants succeeded in transferring their two main religions, Hinduism and Islam ,to their new homes . By the 1850’s temples and mosques were being built in Trinidad and Guyana were people regularly prayed.The Hindu pundits and Moslem imams became very influential leaders of the Indian population in these countries, for religion was their main source of pride and unity, As a result Indian in these two territories showed great resistance to the Christian churches’ to convert them. the Canadian Presbyterians had the most success ,but most Indians held on to their faiths. Some did convert, partly to gain jobs or higher social status. The religious world of the Caribbean, already complex, was enriched by the faiths brought by the immigrants from Asia.

South African Public Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay

The words â€Å" crisis † and â€Å" wellness attention † follow each other in sentences so frequently in South Africa that most citizens have grown numb to the association. Clinicians, wellness directors and public wellness experts have been speaking about a crisis in entree to wellness attention for more than half a century, and the coming of democracy has non alleviated the state of affairs. South Africa ‘s inability to adequately react to its many crises is besides the consequence of a national health care system designed to supply intervention instead than bar. The over-dependence on hospital-based attention in South Africa non merely makes the health care system expensive and inefficient, but besides precludes much-needed investings in primary and preventive attention. Health curate Dr Aaron Motsoaledi candidly conceded that the public wellness system faces ‘very serious challenges ‘ ( Philip 2009 ) . In this reappraisal I describe the crisis in child care and its effects for the wellness of kids, characterise the implicit in grounds for the crisis, analyze current intercessions and research some medium and longer term solutions.How terrible is the crisis?It is non surprising that the populace ‘s perceptual experience of wellness services are frequently determined by narratives about the attention offered to kids presented in the media. For case, in one hebdomad in May 2010, two narratives dominated newspaper and media headlines in Gauteng. One was the decease of seven newborn babies and the infection of 16 others as a consequence of a deadly infection ( later identified as a norovirus ) acquired by the babies at the Charlotte Maxexe Johannesburg Academic Hospital. At Natalspruit Hospital in Ekhuruleni, 10 kids likewise succumbed to a nosocomial ( hospital acquired ) infection ( Bodibe 2010 ) . These types of events, with big Numberss of kids geting infections in infirmaries are non uncommon, although merely a fraction grabs the headlines. Outbreaks occur at regular intervals at infirmaries throughout the state. An eruption of Klebsiella infection was responsible for 110 babes deceasing at Mahatma Gandhi Hospital in Durban, harmonizing to the administration â€Å" Voice † that threatened a category action instance against the Department of Health. The national wellness section itself has identified infection control as one of six cardinal countries that needed betterment in the public wellness sector ( Department of Health 2010 ) . Poor wellness attention at several Eastern Cape infirmaries left more than 140 kids dead in one of South Africa ‘s poorest territories within the first three months of 2008 ( Thom 2008 ) . A undertaking squad look intoing these deceases in the Ukhahlamba territory concluded that they were non the consequence to any peculiar disease eruption or exposure to contaminated H2O as ab initio suspected, but instead that the wellness service available was hopelessly faulty. ( Report on childhood deceases, Ukhahlamba District, Eastern Cape ) The Ukhahlamba undertaking squad, comprising of three experient public sector baby doctors, painted a inexorable image of Empilisweni Hospital kids ‘s ward where most of the deceases occurred. Problems identified included: The construction and layout of the physical installation was inappropriate – no nurse ‘s station or work surfaces, no separation of â€Å" clean † and â€Å" dirty † countries and no drama or stimulation installations, The ward and cells were overcrowded and no proviso existed for boarder female parents, who paid R30 to kip on the floor next to their kids, There were grossly unequal services – no O and suction points, excessively few electrical sockets, no basins or showers and excessively few lavatories in the patient ablutions, and an unacceptable ward kitchen, Highly limited clinical equipment, Staffing deployment and rotary motion did non advance effectual attention, with few nurses dedicated to the kids ‘s ward and physicians altering wards every two months, go forthing the ward devoid of experient forces, There were limited policy paperss and no protocols or entree to allow clinical mention stuff or guidelines, Clinical patterns were uneffective or unsafe, peculiarly sing infection control and the readying and distribution of infant provenders and medical specialties, Not a individual infirmary record included inside informations about the prescribing or disposal of infant provenders. Fluid direction was severely documented. Three of the kids appeared to hold died from fluid overload due to inappropriate and unregulated fluid disposal, The bulk of the kids were ne'er weighed, their nutritionary position was non assessed nor their Hiv position established. The undertaking squad ‘s audit of 45 of the deceases revealed that most of the deceases occurred within the first 48 hours of admittance to infirmary and were in babies who were self-referred. The dominant diagnosings were diarrheal disease, pneumonia and malnutrition. The undertaking squad concluded that â€Å" These deceases are more likely the consequence of hapless attention of a vulnerable destitute community with high rates of malnutrition among the babies and hapless use of the available wellness services. † The hapless state of affairs described at Empilisweni Hospital is non alone and similar low conditions can be found at many of the pediatric wards at the 401 infirmaries in the state. While nonsubjective grounds to back up this contention does non be, pediatric practicians in many states and scenes would readily admit the veracity of the claim. The account offered by different probes of inauspicious events happening at public infirmaries countrywide is unusually similar. Uniformly, there is a combination of overcrowded wards, understaffing, overpowering work loads, a dislocation of hygiene and infection control processs, and direction failure with a deficiency of scrutinizing or supervising systems to place and react to jobs at an earlier phase.Increasing kid mortalityWhat is non combative is that South Africa is one of merely 12 states where childhood mortality increased from 1990 to 2006 ( Children ‘s Institute 2010 ) , with a doubling of deceases in kids under the age of five old ages in this period ( from about 56 to 100 deceases per 1000 unrecorded births ) . The 2010 UNICEF State of the World ‘s Children estimates South Africa ‘s under 5 decease rate to be 67 per 1000 for 2008 ( UNICEF 2009 ) . This high rate ranks South Africa 141st out of 193 states. The national statistic besides hides pronounced interprovincial fluctuations ; from about 39 per 1 000 in the Western Cape to 111 per 1 000 in the Free State ( McKerrow 2010 ) . A individual disease – HIV- is mostly responsible for the increased mortality. States with a similar economic profile ( Gross National Income [ GNI ] ) as South Africa such as Brazil and Turkey boast about quadruple lower under 5 mortality rates ( U5MR ) . South Africa ‘s high U5MR is even more confusing when compared to poorer states such as Sri Lanka and Vietnam. These two states ‘ U5MRs are approximately five times lower ( 15 and 14 per 1,000 severally ) despite holding a GNI less than one half to a 3rd of South Africa ‘s ( UNICEF 2009, World Bank 2010 ) . Despite being classified as a high in-between income state, South Africa has high degrees of infective diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, HIV, TB and parasitic infections usually found in poorer states. Similarly, there has been small success in cut downing undernutrition in kids – a one-fourth of South Africa ‘s kids are stunted ( short ) . Further, as a consequence of increased urbanization and economic development, the state is besides sing increasing degrees of traumatic hurts and chronic diseases of life style such as fleshiness, diabetes and cardiovascular disease that are more typical of better resourced states. These diseases chiefly affect grownup populations but are progressively being identified in kids. The deterioration in kid wellness has occurred despite important betterment in kids ‘s entree to H2O, sanitation and primary wellness services. About 3000 new clinics have been built or upgraded since 1994, wellness attention is provided for free to kids under 5 old ages and pregnant adult females ( Saloojee 2005 ) , and the kid societal support grant is making 10.5 million kids ( more than half of all kids in the state ) ( Dlamini 2011 ) . These accomplishments have been marred by several defects. Many new clinics and the territory wellness systems are non yet adequately functional because of a deficiency of forces and fundss, hapless disposal, and spread outing demands. Public third wellness attention ( academic infirmary ) services have badly eroded.Characterizing the crisisThe World Health Organization, in 2000, ranked South Africa ‘s wellness attention system as the 57th highest in cost, 73rd in reactivity, 175th in overall public presentation, and 182nd by overall d egree of wellness ( out of 191 member states included in the survey ) ( World Health Organization 2000 ) . What explains this blue evaluation? Despite high national outgo on wellness, inequalities in wellness disbursement, inefficiencies in the wellness system and a deficiency of leading and answerability contribute to South Africa ‘s hapless kid wellness results.Hospitals operate within a dysfunctional wellness systemPoor infirmary attention is but one marker of a dysfunctional wellness system that comprises splodges of independent services instead than a coherent, co-operative attack to presenting wellness attention. Most primary wellness attention services for kids are merely offered during office hours, with some clinics curtailing new patients ‘ entree to services by early afternoon – a waste of available and expensive human resources. Some clinics lack basic diagnostic trials and medicine. Consequently, many infirmary exigency suites are flooded with kids wi th comparatively minor complaints because their health professionals choose non to line up for hours at ill managed local clinics, or prefer accessing wellness services after returning from work. The referral system in which patients are referred from clinics to territory, regional or third infirmaries harmonizing to how serious their wellness jobs are has disintegrated in many parts of the state. Children who require more specialized attention frequently can non acquire it either because they get stuck within a dysfunctional system or because there is no infinite for them at the following degree of attention. Conveyance to secondary and third degree infirmaries is debatable, ensuing in holds or non-arrival, increasing the badness of the disease and intervention costs when the kid does arrive. District infirmary services are the most dysfunctional ( Coovadia 2009 ) , with patients frequently by-passing this degree of attention in scenes where entree to secondary ( regional ) or third attention ( specializer ) services are available. Despite cut-backs in budgets, third attention scenes continue to try to supply ‘first-class ‘ services, which although applaudable, may ensue in over-investigation and intervention, and denial of indispensable attention to kids who reside outside their immediate catchment countries ( because the infirmary is ‘full ‘ ) .Changing wellness environmentSome of the increasing emphasis faced by the public infirmaries may be attributed to the altering wellness environment in which they operate. Two factors are most responsible for the alteration: rapid urbanization and the AIDS epidemic. Urban, township infirmaries are peculiarly affected by the load of increased patient tonss, and hardly get bying with the demand. Although a national strategic program for HIV/AIDS exists, the ability to implement the program is constrained by the tremendous demands on human and financial resources demanded for its execution. The budget allocated to HIV/AIDS has increased from R4.3 billion in 2008 to an estimated R11.4 billion in 2010 ( 13 % of the entire wellness budget ) ( Mukotsanjera 2009 ) . New enterprises aimed at beef uping the HIV/AIDS response, include a national HIV guidance and proving run and the decentalisation of antiretroviral intervention from infirmaries to clinics with nurses now supplying the drugs. About a 3rd of kids at most South African infirmaries are HIV septic. HIV-positive kids are hospitalised more often than HIV-negative kids ( 17 % compared to 4.7 % hospitalised in the 12 months prior to the survey ) ( Shisana 2010 ) . Children with AIDS tend to be sicker and frequently require longer admittances despite enduring from the same spectrum of unwellnesss as ordinary kids. Greater Numberss of patients, higher disease sharp-sightedness degrees and complications, and slower recovery rates all impact on limited resources. High mortality rates take an emotional toll on physicians and nurses. Hospital pediatricss, which has ever been a popular and rewarding pick for freshly qualified physicians because of modern medical specialty ‘s ability to rapidly reconstruct urgently sick kids to wellness has now become much more about chronic attention bringing because of the high figure of HIV infected kids in the wards, many of whom are re-admitted on a regular basis because of perennial infections. In recent old ages, immature physicians have been dissuaded from choosing primary attention subjects, such as pediatricss, and have moved alternatively to prosecuting fortes where contact with patients is limited, such as radiology, for fright of geting HIV from work-related accidents such as needle-stick hurts. The handiness of extremely active antiretroviral ther apy to increasing figure of kids nationally, though still limited to fewer than half of all eligible kids, has the possible to return pediatricss to its old position as a rewarding and fulfilling forte.UnfairnessUnfairnesss and inequalities abound in South African wellness attention disbursement by and large, and specifically sing kids ‘s wellness. Of the R192 billion spent on wellness attention in 2008/09, 58 % was spent in the private sector ( Day 2010 ) . Although this sector merely provides attention to an estimated 15 % of kids, two-thirds of the state ‘s baby doctors service their demands ( Colleges of Medicine of South Africa 2009 ) . Furthermore, of the R90 billion provincial public wellness sector budget, approximately 14 % is spent on cardinal ( third ) infirmary services ( Day 2010 ) , which chiefly benefits kids shacking in urban scenes and wealthier states such as the Western Cape and Gauteng. Similarly, pronounced unfairnesss exist in the figure of wellness professionals available to kids in different states with, for illustration, one baby doctor serving about 8,600 kids in the Western Cape, but 200,000 kids in Limpopo ( Colleges of Medicine of South Africa 2009 ) . This differential exists among most classs of wellness professionals. The current wellness system claims to supply cosmopolitan coverage to kids. Yet, from a resourcing, service bringing and quality position, the handiness and degree of service is unjust with many patients and communities sing significant trouble in accessing the public wellness system. Rural and black communities remain most deprived. Apartheid age derived functions continue in present twenty-four hours wellness attention. Therefore, for case, while the once whites merely Charlotte Maxexe Johannesburg Academic Hospital now chiefly serves a black urban population, its resources including ward installations, staff-patient ratios and overall budget still demo a clear positive prejudice when compared to the resources available to the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital located in Soweto ( a former ‘black ‘ infirmary ) ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Nationally, the most stressed infirmaries are those with the lowest resources per bed. The least stressed infirmaries continue to be those with old reputes as high-quality establishments ( largely antecedently â€Å" whites merely † infirmaries ) that provide them with a sort of ‘social capital ‘ ( von Holdt 2007 ) .Management capacity crisisThe conflict for the control of infirmariesSouth Africa has embraced the construct of wellness services delivered wit hin a three-tiered national wellness system framework – national, provincial and territory. States are charged with the duty of supplying secondary or third infirmary services, with territory services holding duty for territory infirmaries and clinics. Existing legislative assembly allows hospital main executive officers ( CEOs ) considerable powers in the running of their ain infirmaries. However, there is a dysfunctional relationship between infirmaries and provincial caput offices, which frequently assume autocratic and bureaucratic control over strategic, operational and elaborate procedures at infirmaries but are unable to present on these. There is a bleary and equivocal venue of power and decision-making authorization between infirmaries and caput offices ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Hospital directors are disempowered, can non take full answerability for their establishments and are largely unable to make up one's mind on affairs such as staff Numberss and assignments, pulling up their ain budgets or playing any function in the procurance of goods and services. The structural relationship between state and establishment is a disincentive for managerial invention, giving rise to a infirmary direction civilization in which disposal of regulations and ordinances is more of import than pull offing people and operations or work outing jobs, and where incompetency is easy tolerated. Hospital directors ‘ deficiency of control undermines direction answerability and promotes subservience to the cardinal authorization. The function of provincial wellness sections should truly be about commanding policy sing preparation, occupation scaling and answerability.Silos of directionMost South African infirmaries have basically the same direction construction where authorization is fragmented into separate and parallel silos. Therefore, physicians are managed within a silo of clinicians, nurses within a nursing silo, and support staff by a mesh of separate silos for cleaners, porters, clerks, etc. The senior directors in the establishments have broad do mains of duty but with small authorization to do determinations or implement them ( von Holdt 2007 ) . As an illustration, a clinical section such as pediatricss is headed by a senior or chief pediatric specializer who has no control over the nurses in the pediatric section. In the wards, nursing directors are responsible for effectual ward operation, but have small control over ward support staff such as cleaners or clerks. A senior clinical executive ( overseer ) has duty for the paediatric ( and other ) sections, but can exert small significant authorization over it because power prevarications within each of the silos ( physicians, nurses, support workers ) . As a consequence, the clinical executive has to try to negociate with all parties. Doctors and nurses do non find budgets, or proctor and control costs. In kernel, those responsible for utilizing resources have no influence on their budgetary allotment, while those responsible for the budget presume no duty for the services that the budget supports. Most clinical caputs have no thought what their budgets are and costs are non disaggregated within the establishment to single units or wards. Therefore, what should be managed as an incorporate operational unit ( for illustration, a ward or clinical section ) operates alternatively in a disconnected manner with small clear answerability. In this circumstance all parties are disempowered, and relationships oscillate between diplomatic negotiations, persuasion, dialogue, angry confrontation, ailment and backdown. In the procedure few jobs are definitively resolved, with negative effects for patient attention. Where institutional emphasis is high, the disconnected silo constructions generate the mistake lines along which struggle and managerial failure manifest ( von Holdt 2007 ) .Fiscal crisisInsufficient outgo on wellness, infirmaries and kid wellnessBetween 1998 and 2006, South African one-year public per capita wellness outgo remained virtually changeless in existent footings ( i.e. accounting for rising prices ) , although disbursement in the public sector increased by 16.7 % yearly between 2006 and 2009 ( National Treasury 2009 ) . However, the little additions in outgo have non kept gait with population growing, or the greatly increased load of disease ( Cullinan 2009 ) . In 2009 the state spent 8.9 % of the gross national merchandise ( GDP ) on wellness ( Day 2010 ) , and easy met the World Health Organisation ‘s ( WHO ) informal recommendation that alleged developing states spend at least 5 % of their GDP on wellness ( World Health Organization 2003 ) . However merely 3.7 % of GDP was spent in the populace sector, with 5.2 % of GDP expended in the private sector ( Day 2010 ) . In per capita footings R9605 was spent per private medical strategy donee in 2009, while the public sector spent R2206 per uninsured individual ( Day 2010 ) . Although the wellness of female parents and kids has been a precedence in authorities policy since 1994, including in the latest 10 Point Plan for Health ( Department of Health 2010 ) , it has non translated into motions in financial and resource allotment. Children comprise about 40 % of the population ( Statistics South Africa 2009 ) , but it is improbable that a similar proportion of the wellness budget is spent on kid wellness. No dependable informations exist, as authorities departmental budgets do non specifically represented outgo on kids, easy leting this constituency to be short-changed or ignored.Poor financial subjectA deficiency of answerability extends throughout the wellness service, and includes the deficiency of financial subject. Provincial sections of wellness jointly overspent their budgets by more than R7.5bn in 2009/10 ( Engelbrecht 2010 ) . Provincial sections often fail to budget adequately, ensuing in the freeze of stations and the limitation of basic service proviso ( e.g. everyday kid immunization services were earnestly disrupted in the Free State state in 2009 [ Kok D 2009 ] ) . Every twelvemonth, budgetary undiscipline consequences in critical deficits of drugs, nutrient supplies and equipment in many states, peculiarly during the last fiscal one-fourth from January to March, and during April when new budgetary allotments are being released. â€Å" Stock-outs † of pharmaceutical agents, medical supplies such as germicides or baseball mitts or radiological stuff, and nutrient or baby expression, may rag staff but may hold lay waste toing effects for patients, including decease. Most of these â€Å" stock-outs † are the consequence of providers ending contracts because of failure of payment of histories. In Gauteng, medical providers are presently owed more than half a billion rand by the Auckland Park Medical Supplies Depot, the cardinal unit from which medical specialties are distributed to provincial infirmaries and clinics. The largest sums owed by the terminal are to two pharmaceutical companies ( some R130 million ) ( Bateman 2011 ) . A recent embarrassing happening is the return of R813 million to Treasury at the terminal of the past fiscal twelvemonth by the wellness section because of unexpended financess ( Bateman 2011 ) . Most of the money was budgeted to resuscitate collapsed and unfinished substructure at infirmaries. This map belongs to the Department of Public Works, and infirmaries have small influence on the operation of this separate section – a farther illustration of disconnected services. Treasury has however allocated financess for the resurgence or building of five academic infirmaries by 2015, chiefly through public private partnerships. These are Chris Hani Baragwanath in Soweto, Dr George Mukhari in Pretoria, King Edward VIII in Durban and Nelson Mandela in Mthatha, every bit good as a new third infirmary for Limpopo. Provincial wellness sections are get downing to demo modest success in rooting out fraud and corruptness, but their attempts have revealed widespread victimizing bing taxpayers one million millions of rands, much of it deeply systemic ( Bateman 2011 ) . The majority of endemic corruptness involves dishonorable service suppliers with links to identify wellness section functionaries, plundering via shade and multiple payments loaded onto payment systems. In the Eastern Cape an external audit of ‘anomalies ‘ in four wellness section provider databases revealed R35 million in extra or multiple payments in 2010 ( Bateman 2011 ) . Some 107 providers had the same bank history figure, 4 496 had the same physical reference and 165 providers shared the same telephone figure. Less sophisticated fraud involved the bribing of territory ambulance service managers to transport private patients. Larceny of equipment, medicine and nutrient is permeant, worsening bing constrictions in supply concatenation direction. Almost R120 000 worth of infant expression destined for malnourished babes or babies of HIV-positive female parents was stolen in the Eastern Cape in 2010 for which three foreign national business communities and four wellness section functionaries were arrested. Eight nurses at Mthatha ‘s Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital were arrested for allegedly stealing R200 000 worth of medical specialties ( Bateman 2011 ) . In KwaZulu-Natal, a study to the finance portfolio commission revealed 24 ‘high precedence ‘ instances affecting abnormalities, supply concatenation and human resource misdirection, overtime fraud, corruptness, nepotism, misconduct and carelessness, amounting to about R1 billion. Among others, the former wellness MEC, Peggy Nkonyeni faced charges of irregular stamp awards amounting to several million rands ( Bateman 2011 ) . Ten wellness section functionaries in Mpumalanga, including its main fiscal officer, appeared before a disciplinary court on charges of corruptness. Three separate investigations uncovered monolithic fraud and corruptness in the section, including abnormalities with stamp processs and the purchasing of unneeded infirmary equipment. Perversely, Sibongile Manana, the wellness MEC, was removed from her station by the provincial Premier, and given the Sports, Recreation, Arts and Culture portfolio. The Premier justified this determination by claiming that the reshuffle of his executive council was to rectify ‘instances of misdirection and wrongdoing ‘ uncovered by a series of forensic audits ( Bateman 2011 ) .Human resources crisisStaff deficitsStaff deficits are a critical job in most public infirmaries, and are the consequence of underfunding every bit good as a national deficit of professional accomplishments. About 43 % of wellness stations in the populace sector countryw ide are vacant, and more concerning appear to be increasing ( up from 33 % in 2009 and 27 % in 2005 ) ( Lloyd 2010 ) . Some establishments are running with less than half the staff they need, with more than two-thirds of professional nurse stations and over 80 % of medical practician stations in Limpopo unfilled ( Lloyd 2010 ) . Deficits of support workers such as cleaners and porters exacerbate the job, since nurses and physicians end up executing unskilled but indispensable maps. Deficits of nurses in peculiar are bring forthing a health care crisis in South African public infirmaries ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Nurses have a broad range of pattern, and bear the brunt of increased patient-loads, staff deficits and direction failures. Ironically, a figure of nursing colleges were closed down in the late ninetiess as portion of authorities ‘s cost-cutting steps while authorities made it really hard for foreign physicians to pattern in the state. The state of affairs is now being addressed with acknowledgment of the demand for both more nurses and physicians to be trained. However, the constricted resources available bound a speedy or meaningful response and considerable investing in new installations and trainers is required over the following decennary to turn to the current shortage. Throughout the state, physicians and nurses invariably make determinations about which patients to salvage and which to keep back intervention from based on available staff and physical resources, instead than medical standards. Because of the force per unit area on beds, kids are sometimes denied admittance to infirmaries, non referred suitably or discharged prematurely, therefore confronting the danger of impairment, backsliding or decease.Conditionss of serviceUnderstaffing and vacant professional stations and are the consequence of a figure of factors, and vary in different locations. They include failure to set up new stations despite the increased demand for services, ‘frozen stations ‘ because of deficient support being available and deficiency of appropriately qualified staff. This deficiency may be because of â€Å" pull † or â€Å" push † factors. â€Å" Pull † factors attract staff off from the public service and include out-migration and m otion to the more moneymaking private sector. â€Å" Push † factors such as hapless wages, the inability of infirmaries to fulfill the simple animal amenitiess of staff, peculiarly in rural or township scenes, and a blazing discourtesy by hospital decision makers of the professional position of staff induce staff to go forth the public service. The high decease rate of wellness workers from AIDS has farther exacerbated the accomplishments crisis. The Occupational Specific Dispensation was a step introduced to specifically turn to the hapless wages paid to nurses and physicians. Although the intercession has been successful in retaining some staff in public sector infirmaries and even luring private sector nurses and physicians back, this fiscal inducement was deficient to forestall national work stoppages by both physicians in 2009 and the full wellness sector in 2010. Much of the dissent and sadness related to conditions of service, instead than the declared difference about the size of the one-year addition of the wage bundle. The long and bruising six-week work stoppage was a sad indictment of the hapless degrees of professionalism of wellness workers, with wards full of newborn and immature babies in many infirmaries being abandoned immediately and wholly with no interim programs for their eating or attention. This necessitated exigency emptyings or alternate agreements by practicians who were willing to put their small p atients ‘ demands above those of the work stoppage action, and by concerned members of the populace. Undoubtedly, many 100s of kids ‘s lives were lost during this industrial action but the inside informations of these deceases and any attendant punitory action has been handily ignored in an effort to pacify further work stoppage action by the responsible parties.Aberrant staff behaviorAbsenteeism among wellness workers is prevailing, even at good run establishments such Durban ‘s Addington Hospital ( Cullinan 2006 ) . This is largely due to emphasize, but nurses â€Å" moonlighting † in private infirmaries to supplement their province wages is besides a factor. At infirmaries where direction was weak, such as Cecilia Makiwane Hospital in East London or Prince Mshiyeni in Durban, nurses besides turned up late, left early, and frequently ignored patient attention such as regular monitoring of critical marks ( Cullinan 2006 ) . Hospital directors ‘ abilit y to take disciplinary action is badly limited by the centralized nature of provincial wellness bureaucratisms. In many states, the provincial caput of wellness is the lone individual able to disregard staff. Hospitalised kids are the most vulnerable, since they can non demand services or recommend for their ain demands. Therefore lost provenders, failure to have prescribed medicine timeously or missed doses, inattention to supervising critical marks and holds in reacting to sudden clinical impairment are day-to-day happenings in kids ‘s wards countrywide.Service bringing crisisInadequate patient attentionThere is a crisis of caring at infirmary throughout the state. Evidence of hapless service bringing at infirmaries is disputed, ignored, and largely tolerated by readily accepting the alibi of low staff morale, staff or resource deficits and ‘no money ‘ ( Saloojee 2010 ) . The caring ethos that characterises the wellness profession has eroded to the grade that most patients are thankful for any Acts of the Apostless of kindness directed to them. Many patients can tell how their most basic demands, such as aid with eating, toileting or trouble control, have been ignored by wellness staff even in state of affairss where wards have been quiet and adequately staffed. Despite the well-known Batu Pele ( People First ) principles being conspicuously displayed in wellness Centres, few appear to be committed to their execution. The effects of this deficiency of lovingness and answerability are predictable and inevitable for kids – higher morbidity and decease. The grounds for unequal paediatric attention is good documented and significant. The Salvaging Children 2005-7 study reviewed 8060 child deceases at 51 infirmaries in all nine states of South Africa ( Stephen 2009 ) . The sites represented different degrees of paediatric health care functioning rural, peri-urban and urban populations. Almost one out of three deceases was considered evitable. For each kid who died during this clip there were, on norm, more than two happenings of substandard attention, one of which 1 could be attributed to clinical forces. One-third of deceases occurred during the first 24 hours in infirmary, which reflects jobs with initial appraisal and exigency attention of kids on admittance. Nevertheless, the reappraisal identified jobs in all countries of clinical attention: appraisal, direction and monitoring. In the wards, staff deficits increased increasingly during the three old ages under reappraisal. Merely 14 of 380 public sector infirmaries run into and keep criterions set by the internationally accredited not-for-profit quality betterment and accreditation organic structure, the Council for Health Service Accreditation of South Africa ( COHSASA ) ( Bateman 2007 ) . This administration has pioneered a quality betterment programme to help and promote infirmaries to work towards accomplishing significant conformity with the quality criterions, taking finally to accreditation. While many ( 243 ) infirmaries have been supported in accomplishing accreditation over the past decennary, merely 32 achieved accreditation position. Some ( 36 ) made deficient advancement or withdrew from the programme, while others ( 17 ) achieved accreditation but later ‘backslid ‘ as a consequence of non keeping criterions.Lack of answerabilityA deficiency of answerability at all degrees of the wellness system may be the best account for why awkward public presentation has been tolerated for so long. Accountability requires public functionaries to be answerable for specific actions, activities or determinations to the populace ( from whom they derive their authorization ) . Accountability besides means set uping standards to mensurate public presentation, every bit good as inadvertence mechanisms to guarantee that criterions are met. Concentrating on answerability is hence of import for advancing capacity development and public presentation. In the absence of any provincial or territory degree monitoring of deceases or quality of attention, the hapless or negligent public presentation of some wellness establishments continues unbridled. A ‘culture of averageness ‘ dominates. Merely the occasional patient or job attracts media attending, normally because of a catastrophe sufficient to raise major concern from wellness governments, who normally act to penalize the ‘guilty party ‘ instead than to rectify or turn to the implicit in causes and jobs built-in in the system. A disturbing but of import set of contemplations on the public presentation of the wellness sector was provided by the amalgamate national and single provincial studies of the Integrated Support Teams commissioned by the so Minister of Health, Barbara Hogan ( Barron 2009 ) . Despite being ready in May 2009, the studies were merely available publically after being leaked in late 2010. The amalgamate study was scathing approximately many issues observing a deficiency of: national guidelines, norms and criterions, alliance between planning, execution and monitoring and rating, managerial answerability for the attainment of service related marks, an sanctioned policy and overarching model, and lucidity sing functions and duties ( e.g. between monitoring and rating, strategic planning and programme divisions [ e.g. HIV, TB, Maternal and Child Health ] ) . The national wellness section has been loath to set up clear norms and criterions for a figure of cardinal countries such as human resources ( e.g. figure of nurses per pediatric bed ) , equipment or budgets. This is likely related to a fright of the existent possibility of a tribunal challenge if it is found desiring in its ain criterions. The effect is a farther deficiency of answerability as no 1 can be held accountable for non presenting to a criterion that does non be. This state of affairs is now being addressed through the constitution of an Office of Health Standards conformity at the national degree.SolutionsFrom the description presented, it should be clear that a solution to the wellness crisis in general, and for hospital attention of kids in peculiar, is complex, multi-layered, requires the intercession of multiple histrions and activities, demands new and reallocated resources and will necessarily be a long-run procedure. Many wellness professionals desperation, non cog nizing how to act upon or consequence alteration in such a complicated and dysfunctional system, and prefer to make nil, trusting alternatively that some Jesus ( such as the Minister of Health ) will repair everything. The wellness curate himself recognises the demand to â€Å" pass the whole wellness system † and considered the wellness attention system unsustainable, â€Å" highly expensive † , healing and â€Å" hospicentric † ( The Star 2011 ) . Despite there being no quick holes, a figure of short- and medium-term solutions could significantly better the state of affairs. The limited range of this paper prevents an in-depth geographic expedition of these thoughts, but many should be obvious based on the item presented earlier. However, even obvious solutions can be impossible to implement in some environments. I summarise some of the cardinal intercessions required below. A major hindrance to adequate attention at province infirmaries is managerial disempowerment. Considerable investing in direction capacity and systems is required to get the better of current direction palsy, and optimise scarce fiscal and human resource use. A restructuring of the relationship between provincial caput offices and public infirmaries is a precedence, as is the empowering of hospital direction and augmentation of their competences. There is acknowledgment and understanding at the highest degrees, including the Presidency, about the demand for this. In his 2011 State of the Nation Address, Jacob Zuma, emphasised the demand for assignment of appropriate and qualified wellness forces. Provincial caput offices should release their chokehold on infirmaries and an insisting on micro direction and dressed ore alternatively on policy, scheme and monitoring of direction public presentation. Hospital directors should hold the authorization to run their ain infirmaries and be held accountable for this without undue intervention from caput offices, harmonizing to hold concern, budget and public presentation programs. Hospital organizational constructions should be based on clear operational units. A unit such as pediatricss should hold clear lines of authorization and answerability and silo maps should be disintegrated. An every bit crippling precedence is the deficiency of competent staff. In footings of supply, nurses preparation colleges are being reopened and medical schools being encouraged to increase admittance Numberss, with a clear penchant for pupils arising from rural or distant scenes since they are more likely to return at that place on finishing their preparation. The Occupational Specific Dispensation has made public sector wages much more attractive and competitory. A more hard job to get the better of is the inability of infirmary and provincial decision makers to appreciate the demand to handle wellness professionals as valuable assets whose demands need to be respected instead than sing them as easy dispensable trade goods. Task shifting, where undertakings that can be performed by less trained staff with specific accomplishments are allowed to pull off some conditions within their competence, is acknowledged to be a utile manner to cover with the accomplishments shortage. Better service bringing can be promoted through the coevals of norms and criterions, and the application of these including monitoring of conformity. Widening the Child Healthcare Identification Programme ( CHIP ) system of scrutinizing of deceases to all infirmaries in the state offers another mechanism for quality control, even though this attack merely scrutinises events in those kids with the worst results, i.e. decease. Measures and processs that extract answerability from wellness professionals, directors and decision makers are urgently needed, but few have succeeded to day of the month. Civil society has been outstanding in advancing action for HIV and AIDS and could play a more powerful function for the wider wellness docket in South Africa. A provincial administration policy is required which makes proviso for the creative activity of a cell of senior regional clinicians to supervise the map of the assorted major fortes throughout the state. Therefore, the regional baby doctor, for case, would be required to supervise the development and execution of norms and criterions for the physical substructure and equipment of kids in all infirmaries in his/her part. This person would be tasked to turn to issues of unfairness, every bit good as better synchronism between clinics and infirmaries and take constrictions in the referral system. A specific demand for pediatricss is a committedness to greater resource allotment for kids ‘s wellness. A recent exercising conducted in Gauteng estimated that an extra ( fringy ) investing of merely R4 billion over five old ages ( or R70 per capita ) in kid wellness could salvage the lives of 14,283 kids and cut down the U5MR by 50 % , about run intoing the provincial Millennium Development Goal mark for 2015. This extra investing would necessitate less than 5 % of the current provincial wellness budget ( Gauteng Department of Health 2009 ) . Not all of this needs to be ‘new ‘ money – much, but non all, of the money could be obtained through cut downing present inefficiencies. The authorities will present a new National Health Insurance in 2012. Detailss of this are still sketchy soon and its impact on child care at infirmaries is hard to foretell. It is chiefly a wellness attention financing mechanism, raising financess from taxpayers and users of the private wellness sector to buy wellness attention benefits for the broader population. The Minister of Health has claimed that the NHI would present ‘universal coverage and better health care in one united health care system ‘ ( The Times 2009 ) . Sceptics argue that it can and will make little to turn to the built-in defects in the wellness bringing system outlined in this paper. Many of the recommendations made in this subdivision are non new and good recognised and some have been accepted by wellness sections antecedently. However, there is limited grounds of their execution and even less grounds of their successful execution. However, islands of excellence remain in the public wellness service, many making this is the face of the same fiscal and logistical restraints as everybody else. The challenge is placing how to acquire everybody else to emulate these success narratives and retroflex their consequences. Children ‘s lives depend on making this quickly.

ANMC Code of Ethics in Australia Case Study

ANMC Code of Ethics in Australia Case Study Nursing is a noble profession which requires its members to uphold the highest moral and ethical standards. In Australia nurse’s practice is guided by the ANMC Code of ethics and code of conduct, standards of practice and professional boundaries. Nurses must utilise the Australian charter of healthcare rights (ACHR) as guiding principles to all patients when providing care at any setting. This paper seeks to identify the ethical, moral and legal behaviour of Bill (RN), Liz (Nurse Unit Manager), John(patient) and his wife in the case study given. Bill In this case study one can clearly see that many nursing standards have been violated. According to Registered nurse standards for practice 1.4, nurses must comply with the policies relevant to practice and that includes the workplace policies. Bill did not comply with the hospital policy which states that â€Å"no laptop computers are to be taken home for any reason.† As per Australian Nursing and Midwifery Counci l (ANMC) code of ethics for Nurses (2008), standard 8 â€Å"Nurses should promote and preserve the trust between themselves and people they are caring for† in this case. Bill created a situation where John lost trust on him as his actions were unethical. In this scenario, Bill grabbed John by his wrist, causing pain and discomfort and threatened him not to say anything to anyone. His actions were in contradiction with the nurse’s guide to professional boundaries, principle 11 which states that â€Å"nurses do not withhold care from a person as punishment and recognise that any intent to cause pain or suffering as a retaliatory action in response to behaviour of a person in their care is improper and unprofessional†. He violated this principle of safe practise. Furthermore, Bill did not adhere to the principle 15 of professional boundaries that nurses should not cause discomfort or pain to patients receiving care when touching or holding them. Bill did not sh ow any kindness or empathy, as per ANMC code of ethics standard 2 Nurses should be kind and respectful to others. John John’s wife asked if there were any issues or concerns about her husband care and Bill denied. He was not honest enough to John’s wife about what had just occurred. He did not abide to Nurses code of profession conduct statement 6, which requires nurses to provide honest and accurate information in relation to clients care and services. â€Å"Criminal laws are concerned with offences against people and property.† In this scenario, Bill took John’s electrical recharging code without his permission which is considered as theft under the criminal law. Furthermore, in his action he caused harm and threatened John which is battery and assault respectively. Additionally, Bill took money from the charity funds for personal use which is fraud. A Nurse’s conduct is underpinned by moral principles and these include non-maleficence (n o harm), beneficence(benefit), veracity (truthfulness), autonomy (right to choose) and justice(fairness). (Atkins et al. pages 81-82) Bill was maleficent as he caused pain to Johns wrist and he did not uphold the principle of veracity which requires nurses to tell the truth always. (Oosthuizen and Pera page 52) He did this by lying to John’s wife about John’s wellbeing and NUM Liz about the whereabouts of the laptop. By not upholding veracity he made Liz to make uninformed decision to appraise him despite what he had done. Bill acted in utilitarianism school of thought. In this theory actions of an individual are justified by whether they increase pleasure or reduce risk of pain regardless of the cost or means. Utilitarians believe in acting in a way that results in greatest happiness of the greatest number. He was only concerned about the outcome at the end and ignored the fact that he might have a few unhappy people at the end. He was determined to make the charity function possible, without his input it would not occur and disadvantaged children from overseas would have either starved to death or suffered from starvation within the next 12 months. The criticism on utilitarian actions is that one cannot predict the outcomes of their actions. When Bill took money for buying the Lotto ticket he might have had hope that he will win, fortunately he did but he could have lost it. At times, it is also difficult to prioritise hence despite having many happy children John would not be happy with his conduct. Per Registered Nurse standard of practice 1.5 Nurses should apply critical thinking skills and use ethical decision or theories in their practice. (Holt and Convey 51-56) The ethical decision framework suggests that one should first identify the problem References Atkins, Kim et al. Ethics And Law For Australian Nurses . Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Print. Holt, Janet and Helen Convey. â€Å"Ethical Practice I n Nursing Care†. Nursing Standard 27.13 (2012): 51-56. Web. Oosthuizen, Anne-Mart and Silvia A Pera. Ethics In Healthcare . Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta, 2011. Print.

The Philosophy Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Philosophy Final - Essay Example The problem required immediate resolution but, unfortunately, the Philosophy students’ professor was not around to help in resolving the problem, and the receptionist at the events scheduling office did not have an idea about how the problem could have occurred. The receptionist at the events scheduling centre had to look for someone in the office to help in resolving the problem. This problem occurred because the events scheduling centre had mistakenly scheduled the two events to take place at the same time. It is not possible, however, that the events scheduling office had deliberately scheduled the two groups to use the centre at the same time, given the fact that doing exams requires a calm and tranquil environment; the philosophy students could not be able to do their exams with the basketball women team playing in the events centre. This fact, therefore, shows that the events scheduling office had mistakenly scheduled the two events to take place at the same time. What should have been done differently at the time was that the events scheduling office should have been more careful in scheduling events, so as to avoid the mistake of scheduling two events to take place at the same time. To avoid any such a problem in the future, I recommend the following two changes. First, the events scheduling office should make their events schedule available to the public. With the events schedule being accessible to all the interested parties, any mistake in the schedule would be easily noticeable and corrected beforehand. But, since the events schedule was not available to the public, even the receptionist of the events scheduling office did not know anything about the schedule and how the problem could have occurred. Secondly, the events scheduling office should always have one of their officials in standby to resolve any complaints concerning the schedule. Since there was no official of the events scheduling office was available to handle the conflict

Chinese contract law and the economic reform Essay

Chinese contract law and the economic reform - Essay Example The paper delves into how China’s previous contract laws had many contradictions and failed to meet the needs of China’s developing market economy. It then looks at why China needs a good legal system for economic reform, why a legal system is important for economic reform and what the relationship between them is. Lastly, the paper looks at why Chinese people still do not have confidence for china's law system and how the government has attempted to address the problem. Influence of Confucianism in Ancient and Present China Confucianism which means ‘The School of the Scholars,’ is the cornerstone of traditional Chinese based on the traditional culture of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is attributed to K’ung Fu Tzu (Confucius in English) was born in 551 BCE in the state of Lu (modern day Shantung Province). He became the most influential and respected philosopher in Chinese history and his discourses were written by his disciples in the Analects. Confucianism combines a political theory and a theory of human nature, resulting in a prescriptive doctrine or way (dao). The political theory is based on the idea that the legitimate ruler derives authority from heaven's command, or the mandate of heaven, and is responsible for the peoples' well-being and for peace and order in the empire. In terms of human nature, humans are essentially social animals whose ways of interaction are shaped by convention or ritual (li), which prescribe proper behavior for a given situation. Good government is one that values hierarchy, group orientation, and respect for age and tradition. He also argued that societal order and harmony can be achieved if everyone understood their rank in society and were taught the proper behaviors of their rank.2 His teachings spread and was accepted across China and by around 100BC, the Han Dynasty declared Confucianism to be China’s official state philosophy. During the Tang Dynasty, however, it lost its offi cial sanction but over the last two millennia, Confucianism has remained the dominant orthodoxy in Chinese society. It thus affected everything in China; education, government, public and private attitudes and, etiquette.3 His writings deal primarily with individual morality and ethics, and the proper exercise of political power by the rulers. Confucian ethical teachings include such values as: Li (includes ritual, propriety, etiquette); Hsiao (love within the family: love of parents for their children and of children for their parents); Yi (righteousness); Xin (honesty and trustworthiness); Jen (benevolence, humaneness towards others; the highest Confucian virtue); and Chung (loyalty to the state). His vision centered on respect children show to their parents; the high regard given elders and lawful authority figures; and an appreciation for learning, protocol and ceremony.4 Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, set the patterns of living and standards of so cial value, and provided the background for Chinese political theories and institutions. Confucianism promotes collective interests and community welfare through emphasis of the educational or remolding process in serving the common good of the society. This concept is still upheld in China to date as seen in the government’s attempts to serve the people and reduce the big gap between first tier cities and lower tier cities.5 Confucianism also projects the concept of harmony which states that oneself must live in harmony with everything around him and stay free of guilt or sin. In order to create harmony people should use what create order and harmony amongst all things by using all the knowledge the world could

Who are the 'winners' and 'losers' in globalization Essay

Who are the 'winners' and 'losers' in globalization - Essay Example the article concludes that the prospects for a satisfactory synthesis of a liberal economic theory of globalization, a normative political theory of the global public domain, and a new social bond are remote"( Devetak & Higgott 1999). Largely looking in terms of distribution of economic benefits of globalization it can be surmised that entrenched vested interests and inequalities have remained or even worsened. These inequalities, by themselves, would make any concept of global polity, economy or social bond from arriving in synthesis for maintenance of global social order. We examine the extent of inequalities below. Again in a slightly different context Phillip W.Jones makes a statement which is extremely relevant to the definition of globalization in present context. Jones states that," The logic of globalization contrasts markedly with that of internationalism. The latter, with its intrinsically democratic foundation, looks to a world ordered by structures supportive of that functionalism which is embedded in accountability. Globalization, by contrast, implies few logical imperatives in favour of accountability, but rather looks to the pursuit of interest on the global level through the operation of unfettered capitalism"(Jones,1998). Examining the globalization context from economic point of view prima facie capitalist motives of profits appear predominant. New technological developments, improvements in communication, growth in transnational infrastructure and liberalizing of trade and capital flows have enabled entrepreneurs the globe over to deploy and run their capitals chasing markets the globe over. The globalization aligned attitudes of IMF and World Bank are exemplified with clarity by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, when he says that," The key aim of today's policy makers has not changed compared to those at the Bretton Woods times - it has been, and still is, global prosperity and stability - but the environment in which we are acting has changed profoundly......Today we are striving for stability of the international financial system in a world of free capital flows with a growing importance of private flows and increasing trade and financial integration"(Trichet, 2004). As Roby says," world-wide output and trade have grown apace with market openings and the rise of efficient global business networks these past 15 years. An entrepreneurial class is energizing once-stagnant command economies" (Roby, 2005). It is at once apparent that this 'entrepreneurial class' is essentially limited in number the globe over. They also have limited spheres of influence. Consider for instance, the pharmaceuticals giant Astra Zeneca (AZ) has multinational operations and employs just about 65000 employees globally (Annual, 2004). Such instances abound in almost all industrial and commercial sectors where spread and success have been limited. Has AZ been able to provide cheap drugs to global population-perhaps no. We perhaps need more global entrepreneurs in each activity to raise

Personal statement to apply to universities Essay

Personal statement to apply to universities - Essay Example I remember my father bringing home our first computer when I was just eight years old. I was simply fascinated with the machine. My father helped me learn how to use the computer to play games and listen to music. Since that time, I have loved the computer and my desire to know more about the different operating systems and how they work has strengthened. At King Saud University, I was fortunate enough to study database management, networking, assembly, and architecture. The knowledge that was offered through database management empowered me to track pertinent information about people, clients, potential donors, as well as current donors and volunteers in an organizational system. I participated in a project for a library so that the library staff could use the database to search for clients by their last name and by the book number. Also, a user could search for books at another library. It was such a successful project that the university considered implementing it at the university’s own library. In addition, managing knowledge through a database is a crucial element in being successful in one’s career. I am now in a position to productively use information from diverse sources without having to encounter obstacles. If I do meet an obstacle I have the ability to resolve the problems that I may encounter effectively. I worked on a team project called Network that allowed employees at a company to build connections with one another, enabling them to send messages and attachments over the network. On the day of the project presentation, one of the computers failed to respond to commands and all we could see was a blank blue screen. The whole group panicked but I stayed calm and quietly tried my best to fix the computer. It started working after a while and the project was a great success. I possess the ability to achieve as well as sustain success in an organizational setup. Thanks to the concepts and insights I have gained

BIOLOGY ASPECTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BIOLOGY ASPECTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE - Essay Example Some of the information requires to be translated into taste, sound, touch and smell. This is why this system is important since it performs these actions. The system also controls body nerves The three systems are responsible in the communication of the body parts. Without one part, one path of relaying body signals will be incomplete. That is, failure of one system will lead automatically to bodily disorders. Every organ being vital assists the other systems in ensuring that the body parts functions well. Autonomic nervous system The function of this system is to control the functioning of the internal organs like intestines, heart and stomach. Additionally, this system is responsible in controlling some of the body muscles. For example, most of the time we do not recognize when the heart beats increase or when the blood vessels contract and expand, this one is responsible for the autonomic nervous system to take care of. Therefore the system conveys information from all parts of t he body. This system is normally Co ordinated by the hypothalamus and the system is a significant homeostasis process. Endocrine system This system consists of glands which produce hormones to the blood streams. It produces chemicals which assist in controlling the body’s metabolic activities. ... The hypothalamus is an area between the brain stem and cerebrum that is responsible for controlling sleep patterns, body temperature, thirst, hunger, visual and auditory reflexes. Andersen and J. M. (2002, p.10-15) It is also responsible for communication between the cerebellum and other vital parts of the brain and also the selection of stimuli which are sent to the brain. The hypothalamus serves as a link between the endocrine system, autonomic and central nervous system. The role of the hypothalamus in controlling feeding behavior while linking all the three systems The hypothalamus plays a key role in the homeostasis of energy in triggering feeding behaviors. This is because the control of energy is important which makes eating the most fundamental aspect in maintaining body fats. The feeding behavior is a good example of how the hypothalamus links the endocrine system, central and autonomic nervous system. In the event when there is a deficiency in body fats, the endocrine syste m through a hormone called leptin comes in place sends stimuli to the hypothalamus. Charmandari, Tsigos, Chrousos (2005, p.265-270) In return the hypothalamus sends impulses to the autonomic nervous system and which are further relayed to the central nervous system and the final aspect is the feeling of hunger which motivates us to eat. Therefore the hypothalamus serves many purposes and is crucial in linking all the three systems. This interaction in return helps to control the mode of behavior in humans The functions and diseases of the brain Areas of function of the brain The brain is said to be the center of every signal sent by the body parts. Once a signal is sent to the brain, it acts by interpreting the signal and produces the action for the signal. The

Avant-Gardism, Modernism, and the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Avant-Gardism, Modernism, and the Arts - Essay Example Avant-gardism was a single important part on the natal of modernism. The existence of avant-garde is regarded by many as a focal point of shying away from the norms of the old societies; transcending from the common practices in art. Many artists, initially poets, adapted the idea of shifting their focus to a different form of artwork by not importing any old conformist ideas. Various innovative lines of attack had converged on putting aside obsolete precepts, knowledge and philosophies and form a new body of knowledge or artistic slant. The idea of avant-garde somehow created a line of separation between ordinary people and the artists who were considered mortal because of the new concept they have introduced to the society. The radical concept of recoiling from the past practices and the birth of Modernism begot sub-categorical new notions: expressionism, impressionism, and symbolism. Modernism is a thought that cropped up during the industrial revolution. Modernism was the manifes tation of the need to adapt to the new developments and ideas of the industrial era, and was conveyed through different art forms: literature, sculpture, paintings, etc. Still unavoidably, there was an act to resists the rapid revolutionary changes in most artworks. This has often been manifested in the visual arts and by the overall favour for the complicated. It was differing from the modernistic inclinations to streamline methods and to abridge ornamental details. Modernism poured in much concentration.

Balance in the Administration of Justice Security Paper Essay

Balance in the Administration of Justice Security Paper - Essay Example This usually holds true too in other nations. They have their own ways of educating and updating their citizens of the current plans and implements. This is for the purpose of ensuring that the government is functioning for the service of the people, to uphold their rights and secure their territories. There are certain sectors that are very particular with the repercussions in the legal system of the goals aimed for. In the piece, Communications Privacy in the Digital Age (1997), a number of legal issues confronted by people in general are laid out. First of these issues is the fact of making 'Wiretapping' permissible to be used in dealing with certain crimes. Formerly, 'wiretapping' was allowed only for serious crimes that threaten the national security. Today, the list included crimes such as fraudulent statements in documents and applications as well the causing of destruction in any property owned by the State. Another point highlighted in the articles is the need to make more productive results in proposed actions. There are illegal practices that contravene the purpose of justice and security. The item also mentioned the authorizations provided by courts in proceeding with 'electronic surveillance' and the reaction to such through suggesting other methods to be used to acqu ire data. Most of the time also, the parties concerned contest the method of obtaining data quite too late and they barely survive to win in the proceedings ("Communications Privacy in the Digital Age", 1997). The court of "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act" or FISA already demonstrated that in its seventeen years of existence, there was never an instance that it denied a request for a "government electronic surveillance." In 1996 alone, there were about 839 orders given out and the statistics increases by twenty percent every year since then ("Communications Privacy in the Digital Age", 1997). Basically, what this piece emphasizes are the various implications to the legal and governmental system of the rules and procedures implemented just to respond to the needs of justice and security. This has been the cause of alarm for many people because the developments and advancements in technology can be abused and taken advantage of by those who have access to such. Changes in Technology and Mass Communication due to Justice and Security Reasons At this point, it is worthy to note that the piece, Communications Privacy in the Digital Age (1997), do indicate some key points of the improvement. These areas of development include 'Communications Methods,' 'Expansion,' 'Location Information and Monitoring,' 'Modifications in Wireless Service,' 'Internet Advancements,' and 'Computer Analysis.' These shall be discussed in detail below. However, at this point, the one concept discussed in the article to keep in mind is the so-called 'double-edged sword.' At one side, there is the governmental mechanism that takes opportune of the endless possibilities offered by technology. On the other side, the public fears such possibilities because of the tendency for the power to corrupt and for authority to abuse. Thus, it is imperative to be aware and cautious of the various marks of development adopted and implemented ("Communications

The role that work has in one’s life Essay Example for Free

The role that work has in one’s life Essay In today’s busy world of lightning fast communication, what has the term â€Å"work† come to mean? It can be anything that one must do out of necessity and not out of joy; like raking one’s yard. It may also be defined as a task one must accomplish in a timely manner to be compensated with monetary gain. Pride and self-worth are achieved through work. Moving up in a career and station in life are achieved accordingly to how much heart, attention and sweat one puts into their job and their work. Respect from family and friends can be directly related to a person’s work ethic. â€Å"That Uncle Frank is such a good provider, he was able to send his son to Harvard and buy him a new Jeep after graduation. † This is an example of accolades that appear in casual conversation, praising a family member who is a high achiever. The act of working can keep a person on focus. Having a defined schedule can often keep people out of trouble by keeping them busy. Work also helps one set goals and meet them in a timely manner. By working, most people expand their knowledge base and are often forced to learn about new theories and keep up with new technology advances that they may be left behind on, if it was not mandatory for their career. Work makes the world go ‘round and operate like a fine tuned machine. Just imagine if no one wanted to work in the capacity of a garbage collector. In a matter of weeks, our country would be covered in debris and terribly unsanitary. Likewise, if no one desired to be a nurse, many people would die as a consequence. The act of working also directly determines how well one will live. Depending on what job one takes and how often they work, directly affects how much money they will bring home. Our economy is dependant on workers. Workers equate to consumers. If people don’t work, the products will not get produced. If people don’t work, or if they work infrequently, they will not be able to consume. We as a nation depend on our citizens to be consumers, as this makes our economy stronger. The act of working and having a job also helps form a person’s social structure. Many people end up being friends and socializing with co-workers. This is often how families find a group to blend in with. Marriages, church associations and life long friendships are often forged through jobs. One’s work situation can definitely impact their economic welfare and their family’s joy factor. So, in conclusion, work smart and hard, and choose your job wisely.

Persuasion Techniques In Advertisement Media Media Essay

Persuasion Techniques In Advertisement Media Media Essay Introduction The main theme of this paper is to discuss the topic of persuasion in the media through the usage of several examples to explain some of the techniques used to perform this function. Persuasion is one of the many different types of communication that exist, and the best way to begin to define the persuasive communication is primarily giving a definition of what communication is. A quite widespread definition about what communication is would be to say that communication is the action or process where there is an exchange of information of any kind between two or more individuals. Also, it is important to understand that this process is dynamic, transactional, it affects both the sender of the message, and who listen to it and receive it. Persuasive communication is outside our consciousness, since it influences us and manipulates more than what we usually realize. We often hear about the power of specific communicators. We also know that those who control information are very powerfu l. When we talk about the power public speaking, we are only recognizing what experts have known for years, we recognize that communication that influences others is a powerful weapon. The main problem is that the persuasive communication is a tool that can be used for good or bad purposes, to change behaviors, but in one way or another it is important to recognize that it is a powerful tool. For this reason, although the communication fulfils different functions, the purpose is this paper is to show how in the media through the marketing advertisements, we can also use persuasion as a tool to persuade the audience into buying a product. Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) Slim Fast In this ad for Slim Fast, the target audience is middle class females who are in a stage of their lives in which they have a successful career. Women are very aware of their weight usually more than men do. Also inside their main audience target, the ad appeals minority females in their 30 and older since this is the time when most start to achieve success climbing the career ladder and at the same time most already have family making it more difficult to take care of their bodies since time is now limited and there is no much room for exercise. The quick and easy answer is Slim Fast. Therefore, the ad shows that a woman in her 30s can have a healthy and thin body because she uses the Slim Fast product. Even the name is persuasive, Slim-Fast, this implies not much work, for people in a hurry to lose weight. In the ad they used as spokesperson a celebrity, a person women could identify with and the before and after pictures are always very effective to persuade audience this is a trusted product. This audience is all about success, and to represent a person who is being successful in life, we must be thin. Not being able to take good care of your body, especially for women in the professional work environment could be seen as a failure. The ad utilizes strategies from the Elaboration Likelihood Model(ELM) to persuade its audience. First the ad uses visual elements to motivate the usage of mental processes to motivate audience to accept the persuasive message. The ad makes good use of the analysis results to understand the audience in order to come up with the ad strategy. In the ELM model the ad used the peripheral route by the celebrity endorsement since it is a way to connect the audience with the product since it helps the receiver think about something that the person is familiar wit h(after all weight lost, is a Fact of Life-TV show where the celebrity being used in this ad became popular back in the early 80s, period when the target audience where in their late teens) and to rely on audience lack of capability to achieve the goal to reduce weight. Lastly self-esteem is effectively appealed by this same route since by gaining audience emotional involvement to demonstrate if the actress selected was able to do it, the audience can do it too. Social Judgment Theory In this advertisement for Mercedes-Benz, the target audience is upper middle class individuals who are coming up in the professional ladder. Young executives like to demonstrate in the way they dress, what they eat, and more important what they drive, that they are successful people. For most people cars make a social status statement, and what better statement to show everybody how successful we are, by getting a Mercedes-Benz. The biggest challenge for many people in getting such a prestigious car is the cost, and in the ad, they already give the solution; raise expectations, but not the payments. The persuasive message is why settling for less if now you can get a Mercedes-Benz for an affordable price. This ad uses subliminal persuasion since in the picture the car is driving up, or heading up. In other words, once again, we see the message about moving up the professional ladder. In addition in the picture the cars wheels are in motion, another subliminal message of the always m oving and fast-paced on how people judge individuals who are working towards achieving their goals. It is interesting to see in the picture the lack of color to give the impression of a classical and somewhat elegant item. This advertisement utilizes strategies from the Social Judgment Theory to persuade its audience. My interpretation of the use of this theory in the ad, is that when people receive the nonverbal message, they immediately judge the ad message based on how they view and measure being successful, and to be able to own this car, will give them the prestige they view as representation of the success they are experiencing in their personal and professional lives. The message was crafted keeping in mind an audience who has a high ego-involvement based on their values and views of how they measure success and this enable a high level of acceptance/agreement with the message. Professionals in their social networks and affiliations usually will agree with the majority opinion more often than not, and in this type of groups most of them own or wish they could own a Mercedes-Benz. This is a result of high ego-involvement, or taking on the groups views/judgments as ones own. Subliminal Co-Creation Theories In this lipstick ad, the target audience is women-young adults in their 20s 30s who are not afraid to express themselves. They want to look sexy, they want to feel sexy for the opposite sex, and they are looking for company and what better than using a red lipstick. Young adults are always looking for action, are not afraid of risks, and in this ad we see two nice looking adults who are not afraid to demonstrate to each other how they are feeling and what they want. The persuasive approach is very graphic and it is used by having beautiful women with white complexion to highlight the redness of her bold, shiny lips. The use of sex appeal, and color, is part of the persuasion process to convince audience it is ok to be beautiful and this lipstick will give them the lips theyve always wanted and it would drive men crazy. The subliminal approach continues with the way she is using the lipstick (girls mouth open while using the lipstick) and the man kissing her, suggesting that she feels sexy wearing the lipstick and it could lead for more than just a kiss. The Co-creation process is clearly used in this ad since it leads audience to co-create what is going on or what is about to happen with the couple in the picture. Once again this is a very effective approach to appeal to the main audience this ad is targeting since they are in their prime age and are interested to attract the opposite sex. The picture is not complete since we cannot see where th ey are, are they dressed or not dressed? or what their eyes look like, giving audience the opportunity to imagine different scenarios where the action is taking place; her apartment, his house, or at a club. The co-creation process is used by omitting information in the picture which helps audience co-create their own unique scenario with the expectation that this will help persuade potential buyers to get the product since once we co-create a unique scenario it can have a more effective appeal to me as an individual. Compliance Gaining Theory Kama Sutra Condoms In this ad for Kama Sutra condoms, the target audience is adults in their 20s to 30s who are self-confidents and are very clear of what they want and are not afraid to ask for it. Men self esteem many times is measured by the capability to satisfy women, and the ad provides an answer to this dilemma. This ad persuades men with the message that they not just will have sex but they will be able to enjoy it more because they would achieve to experience it for much longer by using this condom. In the other hand Women are also persuaded with this ad, since the message is that not only they will have safe-sex by getting protection, but it will not limit their capability to be satisfied. The picture shows a good-looking people which also appeals to audience by sending this message that good-looking people know how to have fun. I believe sexually explicit pictures attract attention, are interesting and engaging, and direct processing resources toward the sexual stimulus and this lead to a p ositive attitude towards the product. This advertisement utilizes strategies from the Compliance Gaining Theory to persuade its audience. The persuasive message is very interpersonal by clearly establishing the promise that the people who use this product are rewarded. The product clearly sends this message by writing in big letters right in the front package: long last. There are different elements of this theory used in this ad, since also I can see the debt factor playing in the persuasive message, since most men feel like they owe women the pleasure of sex. In addition, self-feeling is very evident since using this product will make both feel very good by having a long and fulfilling time. The esteem element is also played in the ad since the ad establishes that by using it, the partners will be satisfied. In summary both female and male audience will be positively influenced by this ad by appealing to their self-gratification. CONCLUSION We can see how in the media and in particular advertising, the process of persuasion is critical in order to achieve success through the process to convince the audience to acquire certain products, either goods or services. To achieve persuasion, advertising media uses different methods and strategies to present a product or service as something necessary for the consumer. We are surrounded by advertising everywhere. Posters in the subway, clothing brands, advertisements on television, making us feel we are constantly being targeted by persuasion messages which are impossible to get rid of it. Advertising is executed by people and, therefore, is subject to the same virtues and their same defects but, what is very important is to acknowledge that it is a powerful communication tool. For that reason, it is important to learn more about the different persuasion strategies that are used in the media in order to determine when we are being targeted to get something that really we do not need or convince us to change our principles.

A marketing analysis of a company

A marketing analysis of a company INTRODUCTION As a business consultant to Bob and Lloyd, it is required to devise a marketing plan for their fast food business, Delicious Goodness. Before getting into the depts of marketing concepts and principles, it is important to inform Bob and Lloyd as to what marketing is. According to Phillip Kotler, marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. It is the manner in which management of a business goes about satisfying the needs and wants of consumers as a primary function of the business. MARKETING ANALYSIS A marketing analysis of a company is a valuation into the type of market for the businesss products that are available to consume. This investigation is done through a thorough research using marketing tools such as PEST analysis, SPICC analysis and SWOT analysis which would ultimately allow Bob and Lloyd to grasp an understanding into the type of market they wish to enter, making them aware of the possibilities of market growth or failure of the business and further implications on the potential of and the direction in which the business may be headed through identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the business. The marketing model of Wright, 1999 is shown in appendix 2 highlighting these analyses. PEST A PEST analysis was firstly conducted, as a measure of the macro environment of the business through the political, economic, social and technological aspects in which Bob and Lloyd may encounter. Although a recent change in government, the government still encourages the role of small businesses in the economy. Bob and Lloyds business complies with the laws and can therefore be easily approved as small company status. These laws are put in place to ensure that citizens are consequently benefited, for example; it is required that the business make use of locally produced raw materials, creating jobs for nationals and that the business must be locally owned and controlled. Bob and Lloyd can also benefit of being privileged to assistance from the Business Development Company. The BDCs objectives are based on providing technical and financial support to small and medium businesses to empower growth and development whilst creating them to also be internationally competitive. Additionally, government has reduced corporate taxes to 25% of the net earnings of small businesses, and has initiated entrepreneur of the year awards to encourage small business. The economics aspects such as exchange rates and inflation rates must be considered in light of purchasing supplies that are not locally grown and in creating selling prices. Also, matters of diversity of income levels and wage rates, variances of ages and the patterns of consumption within chosen geographic area to conduct business must be initially reviewed. Furthermore, the social features of the area must be studied, that is, the various types of races and religions practiced within area which would affect sales during certain periods of the year, such as Divali and Eid. The percentage of the grey market in area is also a concern, since the older folks would be more health conscious, however, Bob and Lloyd would be catering for those through providing grill foods. Technological factors are a necessity in business, Bob and Lloyd would have to accommodate for the rate in which technological advancements is occurring. Thus, constant improvement and updates would be required as of ne w processes. SPICC Suppliers of raw materials within area would not be an issue, since there are various wholesalers and farmers within district. The only main concern here would be to develop and maintain moral relationships with suppliers to ensure efficiency within the supply chain. The business must also incorporate social responsibility within its local community which would ensure sustainability and good reputation. There are no intermediaries involved in this firm; customers can go directly into business and purchase. Customers satisfaction is most vital in marketing since they are the ones who have the power to make or break the business. Thus, customers satisfaction and behaviours must be closely studied when determining the type of fast food outlet. Competitors also play a major part in this market, there are many fast food outlets within decided area, therefore Bob and Lloyd would have to come up with concepts of distinctiveness (highlighted in appendix 3 via McKinseys 7Ss framework) that wo uld make customers want to purchase from them. SWOT ANALYSIS MARKETING SEGMENT Of the approximated 157,295 population of the San Juan area, about 60% is of the working population. Due to globalization and the fast paced lives of persons, it is estimated that about 80% of the working population would eat out and about 8% of that 80%, at an average of 5033 persons per month would indulge themselves at Delicious Goodness in its first year. Since Bob and Lloyd provide food for the health conscious and vegetarians, the targeted market is at ages 12-55. Bob and Lloyd would have a few local competitors since they specialize in a variety of foods. MARKETING OBJECTIVE Bob and Lloyds objectives are focused on customer satisfaction, by ensuring customers get good values for their monies spent on products and, through the high levels of customer service and provision of after sales service capture a larger portion of market share in the short run. In the long run though, they wish to mature, innovate and multiply the business and compete at an international level. MARKETING MIX This tool is used as a major concept in modern marketing; it consists of Product, Place, Price, Promotion, People, Process and Physical evidence. Bob and Lloyd would provide a variety of high quality, mouthwatering dishes made by the finest chefs in the region, targeting customers needs and wants. Place of the business is usually intended as a location of convenience to both Bob and Lloyd and to consumers. The San Juan area is a very developed and fast growing region in all aspects. There are no major channels of distribution existing here but one, the customer directly goes into restaurant and purchase. Pricing of products is as per going rate of price as a result of the type of market, a market for fast food products. Though prices are set at this rate, Bob and Lloyd are still making profits on each unit to cover other costs; it is the only marketing tool which produces revenues. Promotion of products is major role in marketing, because it allows communication of and educating the public of the products provided. Bob and Lloyds means of doing so was through direct marketing of handing out flyers, the traditional mic-man passing around the area, internet advertising through the Express Newspaper classified as well as social networking through Facebook and twitter. In this case social networking is most effective as feedback is readily available, which is an important tool in building the business, and it is free. Delicious Goodness is set to be launched on 31st March, 2011 at the restaurants compound; a short, formal opening ceremony is planned with expected featured guest, MP for the area, Dr. Fuad Khan, and an appearance by home-grown superstars H2O phlo to aid in gaining initial social status. Dr. Khan and the guys of H2O are good friends of Bob and Lloyd. People are the backbone of a company. With integrated networking practiced at Delicious Goodness, it allows participation in decision making, assistance in solving issues and overall building good team working. Thus, Bob and Lloyd would benefit in having motivated and reliable employees resulting in satisfied customers through high standards of services provided and great tasting food. Additionally, the processes in which customers are serviced would be competent and professional, yet customer friendly oriented. The physical evidence would be the employees and the efforts put in place of creating a soothing, welcoming and blissful ambience of the restaurant. BRANDING This is very important in this type of market since it distinguishes the qualities, appearances and tastes of the same products provided, by different suppliers, hence allowing consumers to easily identify their choice of product. A suggested brand logo for Bob and Lloyds product is available in appendix 4. As an upcoming business in a market with many competitors; it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd brand their products, especially since consumers would want to remember the brand as of first time tasting. It would also make the process of word-of-mouth of the product simpler, hence easily gaining greater market share and good reputation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd analyze the market from time to time with regards to the constant changes taking place in the economy. This would allow the business to flourish in the possible innovation and creations of food products, due to first-hand knowledge of the various changes occurring; or it can also allow the company to brace itself if there should be a setback in economy. Word Count: 1482 words