Counseling Couples And Families Psychology Essay

Directing Couples And Families Psychology Essay This paper analyzes the methodology towards the guiding of families and the strategy behind psychological conduct treatment, inside the setting of brain science. The paper gives a concise prologue to family guiding techniques and approaches and specific spotlight on intellectual conduct treatment. The paper is organized into two fundamental parts: Part 1 arrangements with the strategy, procedure and use of intellectual conduct treatment though Part 2 arrangements with the more all encompassing methodology of incorporating this with individual conviction and family esteems. The decision gives an outline of the key focuses. Presentation There are shifted ways to deal with Family Counseling and these incorporate such things as basic, psychoanalytic, bowenian, experiential and so on. This paper centers upon the part of subjective conduct family treatment. From the get-go in the family treatment development, this methodology was treated with a level of distrust by the more conventionalist family advisors. They considered the to be as having deficient profundity to manage the complexities and elements of family brokenness. In the good 'ol days, this methodology was just viewed as helpful in the advising of youngsters with family issue however it has since advanced into a lot more extensive applications. It is just over the most recent 10 years that Cognitive Behavioral treatment as developed in its own privilege as a significant way to deal with family guiding. (Leahy, R. 2004) The various ways to deal with family guiding are widely talked about in crafted by Goldenberg. (Goldenberg, H, 2008). Subjective social methodologies have been especially fruitful in rewarding young people and adolescents with conduct issues. The hypothetical methodology has the capacity of adjusting to various social conditions and situations. It manages both enthusiastic and social areas and as such is incredibly convincing in its applied application. The hypothesis manages those psychological powers that invigorate enthusiastic responses and social reactions. As such it gives a critical thinking direction so as to decide the best or most appropriate types of mental treatment. So as to manage subjective issues it is essential to increase an exact comprehension of the feelings being shown and comprehend the causation factors behind these. Psychological wellness experts have laid out the significance of family and social connections as a significant contributory piece of the remedial procedure in rewarding issues. As such good results in treatment are exceptionally affected by a positive methodology and steady position being embraced from the guardians. (Kendall, P.C. 2006) Psychological Behavioral FAMILY THERAPY In the good 'ol days, the social advisor saw just those people who were associated with hazardous relationships. The others are youngsters inside issue families. The idea of key conduct treatment built up the need to expand on individual subjective systems. Two of the significant patrons were Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Both of these were affected by Freud (nature), Jung (supernatural quality) and Adler (sound judgment). Henceforth, from the point of view of the social advocate musings brought about sentiments and these thus prompted conduct reactions. (Friedberg, R.D. 2010) The issue territories that most promptly related to subjective social methodology were that of posttraumatic stress issue (PTSD), substance misuse, Obsessive-impulsive turmoil (OCD), Anxiety, state of mind issue, marriage and family treatment and dietary issues. The objective of CBT is viewed as triple: (I) To empower the patient to turn out to be increasingly mindful that help is accessible and medicinal activity can be applied (ii) To help the customer in more noteworthy attention to the issue and along these lines summon both certainty and conviction (iii) to move the advisor towards a progressively positive restorative methodology. It is significant that the advisor builds up an affinity with the patient and aides in the improvement of new cognizance. The significant part of CBT is that it is a relative short type of treatment and just requires around 4-7 months of treatment so as to treat most type of issues. It is basically a blend of psychotherapy and social treatment and consolidates a joint methodology among patient and advisor so as to decide a lot of rules that can be applied to their day by day lives. CBT utilizes the suspicion that it isn't the occasions that upset us however the translation and significance we give them. Consequently on the off chance that we give an over the top negative accentuation we are obstructed from doing activity that we don't have confidence in. In this idea we just cling to old contemplations and are kept from learning new things. (Martin, B. 2012) Persuasive Behavior Therapy (DBT) might be portrayed a treatment methodology that joins various procedures for example unwinding and calming aptitudes, psychological conduct methods and improvement of mindfulness abilities. In this specific situation, methodology might be characterized as an application approach utilizing a remedial operator. The way to deal with treatment is by that of critical thinking, intellectual alteration, introduction aptitudes and possibility the executives. Patients with marginal character issue or those demonstrating self-destructive propensities are hard to treat. DBT is a creative helpful methodology planned for tending to these necessities. (Swales, B.K. 2011) The fundamental part of DBT is that of tolerating the state of the patient while attempting to instruct them to change. This is accomplished by building and keeping up a positive relationship with the customer. The treatment looks towards getting the customer to comprehend the explanations behind the self-destructive or useless conduct. There are basically four methods of treatment: (I) Individual Therapy the fundamental assemblage of work (ii) Group Skills showing various procedures that incorporate feeling balance aptitudes, between close to home adequacy, trouble, resistance and so forth (iii) Telephone contact arrangement of help line meetings by phone, outside of the primary treatment meetings (iv) Therapist interview bunch meetings in the DBT mode; the advisors work all in all to stay rationalistic in the cooperation with each other. (Capuzzi, D. 2008) There is an enormous writing base covering this territory. A great part of the work on rationalistic conduct treatment originates from Marsha Lineham who is a clinical clinician situated in Seattle. (Palmer, 2002). The idea of persuasive reasoning has been characterized as the way where the more extensive idea communicates the thought about impediments of direct thoughts on causation. (Palmer, R.L. 2002). Mentoring and Marriage Problems Present day society represents various difficulties upon a fruitful marriage. One of the most requesting is that of budgetary hardship. That may be welcomed on by a vocation misfortune or physical disease, leaving ones life partner to adapt to the issue. This is frequently the circumstance where conjugal correspondences breakdown, when in certainty it is the most significant time for filling in as a group and speaking with each other. Another significant issue is simply the misfortune picture, where either weight addition or misfortune happens. [The idea of corpulence or anorexic] this can prompt episodes of despondency and resulting ailment. Another factor is managing family connections, and this is especially trying in new relationships. The idea of managing mediation and requests by parents in law, and managing desires that represented a strain on the marriage. The idea of long haul disease, handicap or significant ailment can force a gigantic strain on the mate who is working and similarly taking care of their accomplice. (Long, H. 2010) Over the most recent 20 years we have seen a sensational ascent in separate from rates, especially in the US and Western Europe. Studies have demonstrated that this decrease in marriage is to a great extent because of the general breakdown and debilitating of the customary family structure. It is the support of the family structure that truly requires the significance of marriage. The youngsters created from the marriage are the future as far as sustaining human culture. Solid family esteems show the youngsters the morals and the social obligations of adulthood. The affection for the guardians to the kids means the character of the grown-up. The uprooting of this prompts a progressively arbitrary result and possibly increasingly coldhearted society. Research completed in the UK showed that a vast greater part of those overviewed feel marriage is not, at this point vital today. (Papadopoulos, L. 2010) FAMILY Counseling AND CHRISTIANITY Family guiding can be given from a Christian viewpoint and there are numerous willful administrations that offer this administration. I accept that you dont essentially must be a Christian so as to help other people in trouble or need however the all-encompassing way of thinking of Christianity underpins this. The goal of the Christian methodology is to bring the truthfulness of affection and care into the intensity of mending and a hypothetical direction into tuning in, comprehension and identifying with people groups issues. As such religious guiding isn't applied dependent on winning believers to Christianity however is a piece of a general way of thinking of the religion that is dedicated to the consideration, prosperity and help of humanity. There are for instance scriptural lessons that help in arrangement of direction for managing individuals that experience mental issues and family difficulties. This isn't accomplished by the burden of perspectives on others yet understanding customer needs and offering an assistance of centered mediation so as to assist them with exploring towards a fruitful result. One of the major ways to deal with that of Christian guiding is the arrangement of all encompassing techniques that outfit the families with a premise to comprehend their connections, the capacity to re-interface and rediscover the adoration for each other and getting to grasps with the underlying driver investigation of issues all together that they are better prepared to

Explication of Phllip Larkin’s “Cut Grass” Essay

In Cut Grass, Philip Larkin utilizes likeness in sound, shading and bloom imagery, and accentuation to show that demise is unavoidable, and is uninformed of explicit conditions. By standing out the cut grass from the ordinarily energetic, exuberant month of June, Larkin shows the cruel idea of death, and its negligence towards its environmental factors, while at the same time giving a feeling of expectation once demise arrives. In the primary refrain, Larkin utilizes likeness in sound to make a clear picture of mown grass. The sharp hints of â€Å"cut grass† suggest furiousness, while the following expression â€Å"lies frail,† is suggestive of defenselessness and shortcoming. He keeps on resembling sounds by utilizing expressions, for example, â€Å"brief is the breath,† and â€Å"exhale,† whose sounds look like their particular activities. Through his utilization of likeness in sound, Larkin interfaces the peruser to the grass, and in this way inspires compassion. While the peruser is touchy towards the demise, it in any case proceeds, paying little mind to the vivacity of â€Å"young-leafed June.† Larkin additionally stands out the â€Å"brief breath† from â€Å"long death† to show that life is generally short when contrasted with the unending length of time of death. He makes most of the sonnet, in portraying demise, one sentence, from â€Å"long, long†¦Ã¢â‚¬  until the end, so as to outline the delayed and moderate biting the dust. He depicts the passing â€Å"at summer’s pace;† a languid and dallying development that dismisses its blossoming environmental factors. He shows that passing is unavoidable, and is constantly happening, even at assumed cheerful minutes. Nonetheless, Larkin likewise parts of the bargains development, to show that passing, albeit inescapable, isn't really last, and that there is potential for an eternity. The rehashed reference to white additionally serves to show the different sides of death; while it is unadulterated and blameless, it is likewise despairing. By embodying demise, Larkin shows that however one can assess passing from alternate points of view, it definitely comes back to the unjustifiable and brutal nature of death. He likewise makes reference to â€Å"chestnut flowers,† â€Å"white lilac,† and â€Å"Queen Anne’s lace,† three white blossoms, to speak to the different sides of death. Larkin exemplifies the white lilacs, which are ordinarily emblematic or young straightforwardness, to bow to death to show that demise is immovable to its subordinate, youth. Howeverâ â€Å"white hours,† â€Å"and chestnut flowers† serve to portray a lavish, charming air, which additionally depicts passing. In this manner, Larkin shows a promise of something better for a future after death, and permits the peruser help and unwinding when moving tow ard death. In utilizing the imagery of white and blossoms, likeness in sound, and significant accentuation, Larkin can depict passing as both endless and confident, and to reestablish a liberating sensation around death’s discouraging nature.

Dissociative Disorder vs. Schizophrenia

Dissociative Disorder vs. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Print The Difference Between Dissociative Disorder and Schizophrenia By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 19, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 22, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children  Rosanne Olson / DigitalVision / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Schizophrenia Dissociative Disorders Potential Causes Treatment View All There’s a popular misconception that people with schizophrenia switch from personality to personalityâ€"each with its own name, thoughts, and voices. Thats not the case, however. People who believe that are confusing schizophrenia with a dissociative disorder known as dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder). Schizophrenia and dissociative disorders are both serious mental health disorders that involve different symptoms and different treatments. Characteristics of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is likely the more well-known of the two mental illnesses; however, it’s widely misunderstood. In order to meet the criteria for schizophrenia, an individual must experience two or more of the following symptoms (and at least one of the symptoms must be one of the first three items on the list): Delusions â€" Delusions include fixed false beliefs. For example, someone may believe aliens are talking to him through a certain radio program or that someone is spying on him even though there is no such evidence.Hallucinations â€" Someone may see things that others don’t see, hear things that no one else hears, or smell things that no one else smells.Disorganized Speech â€" This may include things such as using made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to the individual, repeating the same words or statements, using meaningless rhyming words together, or jumping from topic to topic without being able to hold a conversation.Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior â€" Individuals may exhibit bizarre behavior that interferes with their ability to function. Individuals with catatonic behavior may appear unresponsive even though they are awake.Negative Symptoms â€" Individuals with schizophrenia may not exhibit certain types of emotional reactions that healthy people do. For example, an individual with schizophrenia might not interact socially or the individual might not show an emotional reaction to either good news or bad news.?? Some individuals with schizophrenia exhibit inappropriate affect, such as laughing in the absence of anything funny. Many people with schizophrenia have cognitive deficits, such as memory problems and slower processing speeds. This can make it difficult to work or complete daily living tasks. People with schizophrenia may lack insight into their disorder. Individuals who do not think they have a problem are less likely to be compliant with their treatment. That may mean higher relapse rates, increased involuntary admissions to psychiatric hospitals, and poorer psychosocial functioning. Some individuals with schizophrenia are able to live independently and maintain jobs with the help of treatment. Others require much more intensive support and they may struggle to live on their own due to the difficulties they have caring for themselves. Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia Characteristics of Dissociative Disorders There are three main types of dissociative disorders in the DSM-5: depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder. All three are characterized by a disruption in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, motor control, behavior, and body representation. Here are the differences between the three disorders:     Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder â€" People with depersonalization disorder feel detached from their actions or feelings like they’re watching a movie. They might also experience derealization, which is feeling like other people and things aren’t real. A person might only experience depersonalization, only derealization, or both.??Dissociative Amnesia â€" Those with dissociative amnesia have trouble remembering information about themselves, whether it’s a lack of memory of a particular traumatic event or, in rare cases, about their identity or past.??Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) â€" A person with dissociative identity disorder will alternate between two or more distinct personality states or experiences. These might have their own names, voices, and characteristics. These personalities might seem like they’re trying to take control in a person’s head. With DID, a person may have memory gaps of daily events, personal information, and trauma that they have exp erienced.?? Individuals with dissociative disorders may function normally part of the time. Then, their symptoms may create difficulties for them, by making it hard to work, maintain relationships, or continue with education. Who Is Affected? Both schizophrenia and dissociative disorders are relatively uncommon. Schizophrenia affects around 1% of Americans.?? Those with schizophreniaâ€"estimated at more than 21 million people across the globeâ€"typically begin to experience symptoms in their late teens or early 20s for men and late 20s for women. Meanwhile dissociative disorders affect 2.4% of Americans, respectively.?? An individual living with schizophrenia is more likely to experience other conditions, too, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder, as well as a higher risk of substance abuse.?? Each type of dissociative disorder has different average onsets and frequency, though amnesic episodes can happen at any time, at any age, and last anywhere from minutes to years. Studies indicate the dissociative symptoms do not differ between genders. Researchers speculate that the reason more women are diagnosed could be connected to the fact that men enter the legal system rather than the health system.?? Potential Causes There isn’t one single cause of schizophrenia. Research has noted a strong genetic link, as a family history of psychosis significantly increases a person’s risk of the disease.?? Substance abuse also can increase the risk of schizophrenia when mind-altering drugs are taken during teenage or young adult years. This includes smoking marijuana, as it increases the risk of psychotic incidents. Additionally, schizophrenia has also been linked to exposure to viruses or malnutrition during a mother’s first or second trimester of pregnancy, as well as altered brain chemistry involving the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate.?? Dissociative disorders, on the other hand, typically develop in response to significant trauma. This might be military combat or physical or sexual abuse, experiences of which overwhelm the brain. The disorder may grow worse when an individual feels by stress.   Treatment Options Neither schizophrenia nor dissociative disorders can be cured, but they can be managed in a variety of ways. Standard treatment for schizophrenia includes antipsychotic medications, along with psychotherapy and community support services.  ?? Schizophrenia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF With proper medication, hallucinations and delusions can subside. Hospitalization might be necessary for the safety of both the person with schizophrenia as well as those around them. Individuals with schizophrenia are also at a higher risk of suicide. In fact, the risk of suicide 20 times higher in people with schizophrenia, while 5 to 13% die from suicide.?? Suicide can also be a serious issue for individuals with dissociative disorders, particularly dissociative identity disorder. More than 70% of individuals with dissociative identity disorder have attempted suicide. Multiple suicide attempts are common and self-injury may be frequent.?? If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Dissociative disorders are commonly treated with talk therapy. Treatment options may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Antidepressants or other medications that may also be used. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell Both schizophrenia and dissociative disorders are highly misunderstood conditions. With proper treatment, people living with schizophrenia or dissociative disorder can lead productive, rewarding lives.

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Module 7 Leadership Development - 1528 Words

MODULE 7: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT Leader development and leadership development is important from both a personal and an organizational aspect. (Hackman Johnson, 2013) states that, â€Å"Leader development promotes personal growth† and â€Å"Leadership development promotes organizational growth†. Leader development is an ongoing process that continues throughout life. Because leadership skills can be learned and/or developed, as you take on different leadership roles and other leadership opportunities your leadership skills will improve. This in turn will help you to become a better leader. Chapter 12: A Proactive Approach to Leader Development Chapter 12 covers a range of different topics related to leader and leadership development. In†¦show more content†¦These functions include career functions, which focuses on the mentee’s career advancement and psychosocial functions, which focuses on both the mentor and the mentee’s â€Å"sense of competence and self worth† (Hackman Johnson, 2013). They broke down the different aspects involved in the two mentor functions. They highlighted that career functions involve â€Å"Sponsorship†, â€Å"Coaching†, â€Å"Protection†, and â€Å"Challenging assignments and psychosocial functions involve â€Å"Role modeling†, â€Å"Acceptance and confirmation†, â€Å"Counseling†, and â€Å"Friendship†. In addition to this, some of the many benefits that mentees typically incur from mentorship were discussed. Some of the benefits highlighted included better pay, more frequent job advancements, better job satisfaction and more recognition. Although mentees benefit in a number of ways from mentorship, the authors also talked about the many ways an organization as well as mentors themselves benefit from mentorship. Just as there are several advantages and/or benefits to mentoring programs, there are also challenges that may be incurred. Some of the issues and challenges discussed involved mentors engaging in â€Å"distancing or manipulative behaviors† and incompatible pairings of mentors and mentees (Hackman Johnson, 2013). Additionally, the authors considered some the components generally included in improved mentorship programs that help to minimize mentorship issues andShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Organizational Development. †¢During Q2 A1031 Words   |  5 Pag esLeadership and Organizational Development †¢ During Q2 a number of initiatives were undertaken for the development of executive and director level employees within the organization. Jon Benfer (Arbinger) initiated executive coaching for Don Ritter. David Kirby attended AMA’s Developing Executive Leadership course on April 24-26, 2017 in Dallas, TX. A CheckPoint 360Ëš assessment was initiated for Mark Mulholland. 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Bribery International Monetary Fund Free Essays

The end of twentieth century and the beginning of new millenium have seen the emergence of bribery from a predominantly political, national or regional concern to an issue receiving global attention. In 1996, the leadership of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) publicly denounced bribery and corruption as an obstacle to economic growth and development. Both institutions vowed to focus on the role of governance in growth and development and to give greater priority to combating bribery in their own programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Bribery International Monetary Fund or any similar topic only for you Order Now That same year, the Organization of American States (OAS) approved the Inter-American Convention against Corruption while the United Nations General Assembly called on member states to â€Å"take effective and concrete action to com ¬bat all forms of corruption, bribery and related illicit practices in international commercial transactions† (Elliot, 2). Elliot defines bribery as â€Å"practice by which an individual who can take decision or action on behalf of others by virtue of his authority or position is influenced by paying or offering monetary benefits for influencing him to take an action or decision which he would not have done otherwise† (Elliot, 4). As a result of the resurgence of interest in bribery as a major global issue, there has emerged a considerable research effort devoted towards detemiining the causes, costs, and consequences of bribery. From the macroeconomic perspective the literature for the most part has focused on the impact of bribery on investment, growth and development, in its analysis of the consequences of bribery. For example, Shleifer and Vishny argue that bribery impedes development and lowers economic growth by discouraging productive investment while Mauro provides tentative empirical evidence for this negative impact of bribery on investment and growth (Shleifer and Vishny, 601, Mauro, 683). There is considerable evidence to indicate that bribery and corruption are common in foreign trade. The payment of bribes by firms and the receipt of bribes by public officials in the procurement and award of export contracts is a standard business practice in foreign trade. As a high-ranking corporate official has noted, â€Å"All of us involved in international business are aware that certain payments to government officials are quite common and an accepted method of doing business in many parts of the world† (Basche, 2). The US Department of Commerce, National Export Strategy Report (1996), states that since mid-1994, â€Å"we have learned of significant allegations of bribery by foreign firms in 139 international commercial contracts valued at $64 billion†¦Bribery continues to be pivotal in many export competitions, with the bribing companies still winning an estimated 80 percent of the contract decisions† (Tanzi, 363). From practical perspective, bribery manifests in a variety of forms. The bribe need not always be a monetary payment. There are more subtle forms of bribery such as â€Å"entertain ¬ment expenses†, gifts in kind or gifts of services. The bribe to influence a favorable decision could be the provision of a â€Å"rent-free villa on the French Riviera or an expense-free weekend in Las Vegas† (Jacoby et al, 28). It could be a gift of a house or property or it could be the financing of a relative’s education in the university. In addition to such payments, contacts and networks estab ¬lished though ethnic or language links or past dealings may also play a part in influencing the decision to award export contracts. Moreover, the bribe paid in order to obtain an export contract is sometimes regarded as a fixed cost of doing business overseas. Corruption on the federal level is a pervasive and universal phenomenon. It is a rare industry that has not been tainted by a corruption scandal involving the payment or receipt of bribes in the procurement or award of trade contracts. Incidence of bribery has spanned a number of industries, ranging from the aircraft, pharmaceutical, machinery and equipment, and chemicals industries to electronics. For instance, a byproduct of the Watergate investigation of the 1970s was the discovery by the Special Prosecutor that US companies were involved in making illegal contributions of corporate funds to domestic political campaigns. This led the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) to investigate these corporations to determine if there had been a violation of federal se ¬curities laws. The SEC investigation revealed a number of corrupt practices including the payment of bribes to foreign officials in order to secure business abroad. Over 400 US compa ¬nies, including 117 of the Fortune 500 companies, were disclosed to have made questionable or illicit foreign payments in excess of $300 million (Sheffet, 290). One of the more prominent investiga ¬tions centered around Lockheed Aircraft. The SEC found that Lockheed had paid millions of dollars in bribes to high-ranking foreign officials in order to secure aircraft export contracts. Other firms involved in the disclosure of questionable payments associated with export sales were Johnson Johnson, Colgate-Palmolive Co. , Pfizer Inc. , American Home Products, and others. It was such disclosures that prompted the US Congress to enact the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) which outlaws the bribery of foreign government officials by US firms in order to obtain or maintain business abroad. On a state level corrupt state government is more likely to be involved in transactions that are more personally lucrative rather than those that are more profitable for the state (Shleifer and Vishny, 614-615). In other words, corrupt state officials tend to spend the state budget on sectors which have more bribery and bring more personal gain to them than sectors which have less bribery and less beneficial to them (Shleifer and Vishny, 615). As a result, state can even change â€Å"an investment away from the highest value projects, such as health and education, into potentially useless projects, such as unnecessary infrastructure† (Shleifer and Vishny, 616). Shleifer and Vishny point out that this tendency of corrupt state government suggests that many corrupt bodies of power spend more on defense and security than on public services and interests such as education since the former allows larger opportunities of bribery. Thus, according to these researchers analysis, corruption shifts an investment from public services to construction contracts; as a result, corruption reduces spending on education, healthcare and other social projects. WORKS CITED Basche, James R. Jr. , Unusual Foreign Payments: A Survey of the Policies and Practices of U. S. Companies, New York, 1976 Elliot, Kimberly Ann, (ed. ) Corruption and the Global Economy, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1997 Mauro, Paolo, â€Å"Corruption and Growth,† Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, No. 3, p. 681-711, August 1995. Sheffet, Mary Jane, â€Å"The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988: Did They Change Corporate Behavior? † Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 14. No. 2, p. 290-300, Fall 1995 Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny. â€Å"Corruption. † The Quarterly Journal of Economics 198(3): 599-617, 1993 Tanzi, Vito, â€Å"Corruption around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope and Cures,† IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 45. No. 4, p. 559-94, D How to cite Bribery International Monetary Fund, Papers

Social Commentary in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre Essay Example

Social Commentary in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre Essay Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre has now attained an iconic status as a literary work. There are several reasons behind this achievement. The first is the inherent beauty and complexity of the novel. The twists, turns and fluctuations of fortune that comprise the plot are both original and engaging. The second most notable aspect of the novel is its authorship by a woman. Although originally published under a male pseudonym, it is evident to the scrupulous reader that the work is by a woman, as it contains numerous insights into female psychology. Finally, the novel is at once incisive and critical of the then existing social norms and customs, which were largely unfair to women and the underprivileged. Hence, Jane Eyre is a rich source of information on English society of early 19th century. It was an era when the industrial revolution was taking shape and having far-reaching impact on economic, social and cultural life. Bronte’s classic novel captures well a society caught in this transition. We can see how, despite fundamental changes to the organization of economic activity, social hierarchies (both within and outside the family) were holding on to status quo. Reading Jane Eyre in this backdrop offers the reader interesting perspectives on sociological issues facing the England of early 19th century. Jane Eyre belongs to the ‘bildungsroman’ (coming of age) literary genre, in that the story starts at Ms. Eyre’s youth and narrates her development and maturity into adulthood. The growth of Jane is physical, mental and spiritual. And it is this rounded development that is the key attraction in the novel. Otherwise, it might have easily turned out into a run-of-the-mill pulp romance fiction with no lasting value. One of the main issues that Jane Eyre is concerned with is gender relations. Recognized today as a pivotal feminist text, there are several symbolic as well as concrete forays into women’s issues. One of the most striking of these symbolisms is ‘the madwoman in the attic’, describing Mr. Rochester’s first wife who is mentally ill. It is through depictions of such social situations that the emancipative narrative strategies of the work come to light, whereby, the author both conceals and reveals social and psychological truth s about women’s lives. For example, â€Å"their anger at being treated as sexual objects in the marriage market, and, paradoxically, their overwhelming desire to love and be loved by men with whom they can never be equal.† (Griesinger, 2008, p.30) We will write a custom essay sample on Social Commentary in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Commentary in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Commentary in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The case of the madwoman is a socio-literary strategy employed by other female authors of the time as well. This way, they were hinting at deeper meanings beneath surface designs that conceal or obscure such interpretations. Like Bronte’s madwoman, â€Å"these inaccessible meanings are locked up, as it were, in the â€Å"attic† of the text.† (Griesinger, 2008, p.30) It is for this rich social commentary that Jane Eyre continues to be studied by women in contemporary era. For example, the novel excels in its treatment of women’s issues, including women’s education, the plight of the governess, and equality in marriage. It should be remembered though, that while subtle feminist messages in the novel are lauded, there are more critical interpretations that question Bronte’s implicit acceptance of racism and imperialism, which are actually subversive to the feminist cause. Another interesting facet to Jane Eyre is its comment on spirituality and Christianity. Like many contemporary writers of hers, the salvation of the soul is one of the preoccupations of Bronte’s works. Her views on the subject varied from that of novelists like Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy and George Eliot, in that, she was not overtly critical of religious faith in general and the Christian doctrine in particular. During the Victorian era, evangelical Christianity was becoming an accepted form of religious propaganda. Based on what we can glean from Jane Eyre, it is clear that she was swayed by the evangelical movement to an extent. The Victorian era was a time when complex tensions existed â€Å"between Evangelical, Calvinist, and Methodist theologies that swept through and ultimately divided the established Church of England which Bronte loved†¦Gallagher is the first to identify Jane Eyre as a â€Å"Christian feminist bildungsroman†. Published in 1847 when Bronte was thirty-one, Jane Eyre is at least partly autobiographical, which opens the possibility for considering how Jane’s spiritual bildung, especially in the early sections of the novel, may reflect that of Charlotte Bronte. The influence of religion on Bronte is both obvious and obscure. It is obvious that much of what she saw, heard and read was concerned with religion. It is not obvious how she originally reacted to the variety of religious beliefs she encountered.† (Griesinger, 2008, p.31) Another factor that adds complexity to Jane Eyre is Bronte’s mixing of genres in the work. This lends the novel to sociological study from various disciplinary perspectives. One can witness an overwhelming ideological dialectic that seems to close down toward the novel’s end to an â€Å"apparently thin monological stream. Bronte’ tremendous displacement of the domestic values toward the tragic and mythical, though it falls short of ultimate achievement, gives her work a margin of superiority over that of other Victorian novelists.† (Peters, 1996, p.59) This assessment is best exemplified in the final passages of the work, where the independent and bold Jane Eyre settles down to a life in dedication of Mr. Rochester. Is this a resignation to entrenched social norms or irrational dictates of romantic love? Further, â€Å"Has Bronte failed to extricate her vision from the apparently downward-tending â€Å"domestic† to achieve the â€Å"tragic and mythical† and therefore failed to fulfil the vision she seemed to offer women? Or is it perhaps that Bronte is raising the domestic to the level of the mythical? An examination of Bronte’s use of the Cinderella tale in Jane Eyre points to the latter conclusion: Jane Eyre fuses the domestic to the mythical.† (Clarke, 2000, p. 695)